Dattatreya Yoga Centre (Carapichaima)
दत्तात्रेय योग केंद्र
The South Indian temple in Carapichaima dedicated to Dattatreya, famed across the Caribbean for its towering ~85-foot Hanuman murti, the tallest outside India
Carapichaima, Couva-Tabaquite-Talparo, Trinidad and Tobago
Dattātreya Yoga Centre (Carapichaima)Also known as: Dattatreya Mandir Carapichaima, Hanuman Murti Trinidad, Dattatreya Temple Trinidad
Dattatreya Yoga Centre (Carapichaima)
दत्तात्रेय योग केंद्र
युग
A modern temple of the Indo-Trinidadian Hindu community, with its great Hanuman murti raised in the early twenty-first century; the community's Hindu worship in Trinidad reaches back to the arrival of Indian indentured labourers from 1845
वास्तुकला
An ornate South Indian Dravidian temple with a carved and painted gopuram, built with the help of artisans from India, crowned in the surrounding grounds by the towering Hanuman murti
विशेष
The temple keeps its worship of Dattatreya and Hanuman with daily and festival puja and aarti in the South Indian manner. Timings are set by the temple and rise around Hanuman Jayanti, Datta Jayanti, Divali, Shivratri and Navaratri; they should be confirmed locally.
पवित्र कथा · पवित्र कथा
On the flat cane-lands of central Trinidad, at Carapichaima near the Gulf of Paria, a giant of vermilion and gold rises above the fields: an ~85-foot murti of Hanuman, one of the tallest statues of the monkey-god in the world and the tallest outside India. Beneath it stands an ornate temple in the South Indian Dravidian style, built by the followers of a South Indian guru tradition and dedicated to Dattatreya, the guru-deity in whom Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva are held to be one. This is the Dattatreya Yoga Centre and Mandir, a house of Hinduism raised in the Caribbean by the descendants of the Indian indentured labourers who crossed the ocean to Trinidad from the mid-nineteenth century. Far from the rivers and temples of India, they kept their gods, their festivals and their tongue alive across generations, and in this temple, with its carved gopuram and its towering Hanuman, they built a landmark of that faith that can be seen for miles across the plain. The temple joins two devotions in one place: Dattatreya, the great teacher who unites the three supreme gods, worshipped in the manner of a South Indian spiritual lineage; and Hanuman, the perfect devotee and servant of Rama, whose immense image draws pilgrims and visitors from across Trinidad and the wider Caribbean. It is a testament to the endurance of the Indo-Trinidadian Hindu community, who made of a sugar island a home for the sanatana dharma.
Sacred Designationपवित्र पदनाम
Sacred Origin Storyपवित्र उत्पत्ति कथा
Source: The tradition of Dattatreya, the guru-deity, and of Hanuman, the perfect devotee, in the Hinduism carried to the Caribbean by the Indo-Trinidadian community
Dattatreya is the guru-deity of the Hindu tradition, held to be the three great gods in one: Brahma the creator, Vishnu the preserver and Shiva the destroyer, joined in a single form. He is the son of the sage Atri and the devoted Anasuya, born, the Puranas tell, when the three supreme gods came to test the chastity of Anasuya and were bound by her power, so that a portion of each was born as her child, the one Datta 'given' by the three. He is worshipped as the adi-guru, the first teacher, the wandering avadhuta who takes the whole world as his teacher and grants wisdom, yoga and liberation to those who seek him.
At the Dattatreya Yoga Centre this guru-deity is the temple's dedication, worshipped in the manner of a South Indian spiritual lineage that carried his devotion across the ocean to Trinidad. Beside him is honoured Hanuman, the son of the wind, the immortal servant and devotee of Rama, whose strength is boundless and whose devotion is perfect. Hanuman leapt across the ocean to Lanka in search of Sita, bore a mountain of healing herbs, and served Rama with a love that made of him the model of the bhakta, the devotee in whom power and humility are one.
The two devotions meet in this temple of the Caribbean. Dattatreya, the teacher who unites the three gods, gives the temple its name and its dedication; Hanuman, the perfect servant, gives it its towering image, the ~85-foot murti that rises above the cane-fields and can be seen for miles. Together they express the Hinduism the Indo-Trinidadian community kept alive across the ocean: the wisdom of the guru and the devotion of the servant, raised in stone and colour on a Caribbean plain.
उद्धृत स्रोत:
- Puranic tradition of Dattatreya, son of Atri and Anasuya
- Ramayana and Hanuman tradition of the devotee of Rama
- South Indian guru lineage tradition of the Dattatreya Yoga Centre
- Living tradition of the Indo-Trinidadian Hindu community
अन्य परंपराएँ · अन्य परंपराएँ
The devotion to Hanuman in the diaspora and the fame of the great murti
विद्वत संदर्भ
The Dattatreya Yoga Centre and Mandir at Carapichaima belongs to the religious world of the Indo-Trinidadian Hindu community, the descendants of the indentured labourers who were brought from India to the sugar estates of Trinidad from 1845, after the abolition of slavery in the British Empire. Over some seven decades more than a hundred and forty thousand Indians crossed the ocean to Trinidad, the great majority Hindu, many from the Gangetic plain and others from the south, and they carried their religion, their festivals and their languages into the Caribbean, where they and their descendants preserved and rebuilt Hindu life far from India. The temple is built in the South Indian Dravidian style, with a carved and painted gopuram, and is associated with a South Indian guru tradition of the worship of Dattatreya; it is reported that artisans from India worked on its construction, so that a fully South Indian temple idiom rose on Trinidadian soil. Its great Hanuman murti, about eighty-five feet (some twenty-six metres) tall, was raised in the early twenty-first century and is widely described as one of the tallest statues of Hanuman in the world and the tallest outside India, painted in the traditional colours of the deity. Such a temple stands as a landmark of the Hindu diaspora, expressing both the endurance of the sanatana dharma across the ocean and the confidence of a community that has become an established part of the life of Trinidad and Tobago. Eternal Raga presents the temple within this history, as a house of Dattatreya and Hanuman raised by the Indo-Trinidadian Hindu community, and notes that details of its history and dimensions as given in popular accounts should be confirmed with the temple.
Historyइतिहास
The Dattatreya Yoga Centre and Mandir stands at Carapichaima in central Trinidad, a temple of the Indo-Trinidadian Hindu community dedicated to Dattatreya, the guru-deity, and most famous for its towering murti of Hanuman. Its history reaches back to the arrival of Indian indentured labourers in Trinidad from 1845, who carried Hinduism across the ocean and, over generations, rebuilt its temples and festivals in the Caribbean.
The temple is the work of the followers of a South Indian guru tradition of the worship of Dattatreya, and it was built in the ornate South Indian Dravidian style, with a carved gopuram, reportedly with the help of artisans brought from India, so that a fully South Indian temple rose on the Trinidadian plain. In the early twenty-first century the community raised beside it the great Hanuman murti, about eighty-five feet tall, painted in traditional colours, one of the tallest statues of Hanuman in the world and the tallest outside India.
The murti transformed the temple into a landmark, visible for miles across the cane-lands and drawing pilgrims and visitors from across Trinidad and the wider Caribbean. It joined the temple's dedication to Dattatreya, the teacher who unites the three supreme gods, to the popular devotion to Hanuman, the perfect servant of Rama, in a single sacred place.
Today the Dattatreya Yoga Centre remains a living temple of the Indo-Trinidadian Hindu community, keeping the worship of Dattatreya and Hanuman, teaching yoga in the tradition of its lineage, and observing the great festivals of the Hindu year: Hanuman Jayanti and Datta Jayanti, and above all Divali, kept in Trinidad with a fervour unmatched outside India, along with Shivratri and Navaratri. It stands as a testament to a community that made of a Caribbean island a home for the sanatana dharma.
Historical Timelineऐतिहासिक कालक्रम
The first Indian indentured labourers arrive in Trinidad aboard the Fatel Razack, beginning the migration that would carry Hinduism across the ocean to the Caribbean and lay the foundation of the Indo-Trinidadian community.
Indian indenture to Trinidad ran from 1845 until 1917, bringing over 140,000 labourers, the great majority Hindu.
Over some seven decades more than a hundred and forty thousand Indians, most of them Hindu, cross to Trinidad for the sugar estates, keeping their gods, festivals and languages alive far from India.
The migrants came largely from the Gangetic plain and the south, and rebuilt Hindu religious life in the Caribbean over generations.
The Indo-Trinidadian Hindu community establishes temples and mandirs across Trinidad, preserving and rebuilding Hindu worship, so that the island becomes a stronghold of the sanatana dharma outside India.
Followers of a South Indian guru tradition of the worship of Dattatreya establish the Dattatreya Yoga Centre at Carapichaima, bringing the devotion of the guru-deity and the teaching of yoga to central Trinidad.
Details of the founding and lineage as given in popular accounts should be confirmed with the temple.
The temple and mandir are built in the ornate South Indian Dravidian style, with a carved and painted gopuram, reportedly with the help of artisans brought from India, raising a fully South Indian temple on the Trinidadian plain.
The temple is widely reported to have been built in South Indian Dravidian style with artisans from India.
The community raises the great murti of Hanuman beside the temple, about eighty-five feet tall and painted in the traditional colours of the deity, one of the tallest statues of Hanuman in the world.
The height of the murti is commonly given as about 85 feet (some 26 metres); the exact figure should be confirmed with the temple.
The temple and the great murti are consecrated and dedicated in the South Indian manner, and the Hanuman statue is described as the tallest outside India, an unmatched image of the deity in the Western hemisphere.
The Hanuman murti becomes a landmark of central Trinidad, visible for miles across the cane-lands and drawing pilgrims and visitors from across the island and the wider Caribbean.
The temple keeps the great festivals of the Hindu year, above all Hanuman Jayanti and Datta Jayanti at the temple, along with Divali, Shivratri and Navaratri, drawing the Indo-Trinidadian community in large numbers.
The Dattatreya Yoga Centre remains a living temple and centre of its South Indian lineage, worshipping Dattatreya and Hanuman, teaching yoga, and serving the Indo-Trinidadian Hindu community of central Trinidad.
The temple and its towering Hanuman have become a symbol of the endurance of Hinduism in the Caribbean, a place where visitors from around the world come to see the tallest Hanuman statue outside India.
What You'll Seeदर्शन में
The controlling image of the temple, seen from far across the plain, is the great murti of Hanuman: about eighty-five feet tall, painted in the traditional colours of the deity, the vermilion body and the golden ornaments, standing above the temple grounds as one of the tallest statues of the monkey-god in the world and the tallest outside India. Hanuman is shown in the form beloved across the Hindu world, the mighty son of the wind, the immortal servant and devotee of Rama, in whom boundless strength and perfect devotion are one.
Within the temple, built in the South Indian Dravidian style, the presiding devotion is to Dattatreya, the guru-deity, worshipped in the manner of the South Indian lineage that raised the temple. Dattatreya is shown in the tradition as the union of the three supreme gods, Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, often with three heads and six arms bearing their emblems, the wandering avadhuta and adi-guru, attended by the cow and the four dogs that the tradition reads as the Vedas and the sacred symbols of his teaching.
The carved and painted gopuram, the tower over the temple's entrance, carries the images of the deities in the South Indian manner, bright with colour, a fully Dravidian temple face raised on Caribbean soil. The iconography of the temple thus joins the guru-deity within and the perfect devotee without, Dattatreya who unites the three gods and Hanuman whose towering image draws the eye and the devotion of all who pass, so that the temple holds together the wisdom of the teacher and the service of the bhakta in stone and colour.
Distinctive Practicesविशिष्ट परंपराएँ
Reverence at the Great Hanuman Murti
महान हनुमान मूर्ति पर श्रद्धा
Daily; especially on Tuesdays and Saturdays and at Hanuman Jayanti
Devotees come to the towering ~85-foot Hanuman murti to offer their reverence, walking its base, offering flowers and prayers, and receiving the blessing of the mighty servant of Rama, whose image here is the tallest outside India. The days of Hanuman, Tuesday and Saturday, and above all Hanuman Jayanti, draw the greatest numbers.
Hanuman is the perfect devotee, the servant of Rama in whom strength and humility are one, the remover of obstacles and the protector against all fear and harm. To stand before his towering image at Carapichaima is to be reminded, far from the rivers and temples of India, of the boundless power of devotion, and to seek the courage and protection that Hanuman grants those who call on him. The very scale of the murti, raised by a diaspora community, is itself an act of devotion, a declaration in stone and colour of the endurance of faith across the ocean.
Worship of Dattatreya, the Guru-Deity
दत्तात्रेय, गुरु-देव की उपासना
Daily, and at Datta Jayanti
Within the temple the worship of Dattatreya, the guru-deity in whom Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva are one, is kept in the manner of the South Indian lineage that raised the centre, with puja, aarti and the reverence due to the adi-guru, above all at Datta Jayanti, the deity's day of appearance.
Dattatreya is the first teacher, the guru who unites the three supreme gods and grants wisdom, yoga and liberation to those who seek him. To worship him is to honour the guru-principle at the heart of the Hindu tradition, the teacher who takes the whole world as his teacher and leads the seeker beyond ignorance. In a temple of the diaspora his worship keeps alive the deep tradition of guru and disciple, the transmission of wisdom that binds the community across the ocean to the springs of its faith.
The Practice of Yoga in the Lineage
वंश में योग का अभ्यास
As taught at the centre
As a yoga centre as well as a temple, the institution keeps the teaching and practice of yoga in the tradition of its South Indian lineage, so that worship of the deities is joined to the discipline of the body and mind that leads toward the goal Dattatreya, the yogic guru, represents.
Dattatreya is honoured in the tradition as a master of yoga, the avadhuta free of all bondage, and the practice of yoga is the path by which the seeker moves toward the freedom he embodies. To join the worship of the deity to the discipline of yoga is to keep the temple not only a place of offering but a place of practice, where the community may take up the inner work the guru-deity teaches, and carry the living tradition of the yogic path in the diaspora.
Keeping the Festivals of the Diaspora
प्रवासी समुदाय के उत्सव रखना
Through the Hindu festival year
The temple keeps the great festivals of the Hindu year with the community of central Trinidad, above all Hanuman Jayanti and Datta Jayanti, and the island-wide celebrations of Divali, Shivratri and Navaratri, gathering the Indo-Trinidadian Hindus in worship, light and song.
For a community far from India, the festivals are the pulse of the sacred year, the times when the whole community gathers and the faith is renewed and passed to the young. To keep them at the temple is to hold the diaspora together in its devotion and to keep the rhythm of the Hindu year alive in the Caribbean, so that Divali's lamps and Hanuman Jayanti's worship bind the generations to the tradition their forebears carried across the ocean.
Did You Know?क्या आप जानते हैं?
The temple's Hanuman murti, about eighty-five feet (some twenty-six metres) tall, is one of the tallest statues of Hanuman in the world and the tallest outside India.
Reports on the Dattatreya Mandir and Hanuman murti
Though famed for its Hanuman, the temple is dedicated to Dattatreya, the guru-deity held to be Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva joined in one form.
Tradition of the Dattatreya Yoga Centre
The temple was built in the ornate South Indian Dravidian style, with a carved and painted gopuram, reportedly with the help of artisans brought from India.
Accounts of the building of the Dattatreya Mandir
The temple was raised by the Indo-Trinidadian Hindu community, the descendants of Indian indentured labourers who came to Trinidad from 1845.
History of the Indo-Trinidadian community
The great murti rises above the cane-fields of central Trinidad and can be seen for miles across the plain, a landmark of Hindu Trinidad.
Reports on the Dattatreya Mandir as a landmark
Dattatreya is worshipped as the adi-guru, the first teacher, the wandering avadhuta who takes the whole world as his teacher and grants yoga and liberation.
Puranic tradition of Dattatreya
Divali is kept in Trinidad with a fervour unmatched outside India, a national celebration in which the Indo-Trinidadian Hindu community lights the whole island.
Accounts of Divali in Trinidad
The temple is also a yoga centre, keeping the teaching and practice of yoga in the tradition of its South Indian lineage alongside the worship of the deities.
Tradition of the Dattatreya Yoga Centre
The temple joins two devotions in one place: Dattatreya the guru within the shrine, and Hanuman the perfect servant in the towering murti without.
Tradition of the Dattatreya Yoga Centre
Visitor Accessप्रवेश जानकारी
The temple is welcoming to visitors of all backgrounds, and both devotees and travellers come to see the great Hanuman murti and the South Indian temple. Modest dress is expected, and footwear is removed in the shrines, as at any Hindu temple. The towering Hanuman murti stands in the grounds and is freely viewable, drawing visitors from across Trinidad and beyond; the temple itself keeps the worship of Dattatreya and Hanuman in the South Indian manner. Trinidad has a warm tropical climate through the year, and light, respectful clothing is comfortable and appropriate. The temple is at Carapichaima in central Trinidad, easily reached by road from Chaguanas, Couva and the capital. Timings for the shrine and the puja are set by the temple and rise around the great festivals; confirm current arrangements locally, especially around Hanuman Jayanti, Datta Jayanti and Divali.
The temple is at Carapichaima in central Trinidad, easily reached by road from Chaguanas, Couva and Port of Spain, and about thirty kilometres from Piarco International Airport. Dress modestly and remove footwear in the shrines. The great Hanuman murti in the grounds is freely viewable, and worth seeing for its extraordinary scale. Come on an ordinary day for an unhurried visit, or during the great festivals, above all Hanuman Jayanti, Datta Jayanti and Divali, for the fuller life of the temple, when the community gathers in large numbers. Trinidad is warm through the year; light, respectful clothing, sun protection and water are advisable. Confirm the temple's timings and the festival calendar locally before visiting.
Festivalsत्योहार
Hanuman Jayanti
हनुमान जयंती
Mar-Apr (Chaitra Purnima)
The birth-festival of Hanuman, the great day of the temple's towering murti, when devotees gather in the largest numbers to honour the perfect servant of Rama at his ~85-foot image, the tallest outside India, with worship, offering and the recitation of the Hanuman Chalisa.
Datta Jayanti
दत्त जयंती
Nov-Dec (Margashirsha Purnima)
The appearance-day of Dattatreya, the guru-deity to whom the temple is dedicated, kept in the manner of the South Indian lineage with the worship of the guru who unites the three supreme gods, and the honouring of the temple's own tradition.
Divali (Deepavali)
दिवाली (दीपावली)
Oct-Nov (Kartik Amavasya)
The festival of lights, kept in Trinidad with a fervour unmatched outside India, when the whole Indo-Trinidadian community lights lamps and celebrates the victory of light over darkness; the temple joins the island-wide celebration with worship and the lighting of deeyas.
Shivratri and Navaratri
शिवरात्रि और नवरात्रि
Feb-Mar (Maha Shivratri); Sep-Oct (Ashwin Navaratri)
Maha Shivratri, the great night of Shiva, and Navaratri, the nine nights of the goddess, are kept at the temple with the Indo-Trinidadian community, marking the wider Hindu festival year alongside the temple's own dedications to Dattatreya and Hanuman.
Traditional Offeringsपारंपरिक अर्पण
प्राथमिक अर्पण
Sindoor and oil for Hanuman
हनुमान के लिए सिंदूर और तेल
सिन्दूर
Sindoor, the vermilion so dear to Hanuman, and oil are offered to the great murti and to the image of Hanuman in the shrine, in the manner beloved across the Hindu world; the red of the sindoor is read as the colour of Hanuman's devotion and strength, and its offering is held especially pleasing to him.
Flowers and garlands
पुष्प और मालाएँ
पुष्प
Flowers and garlands are offered to Dattatreya and to Hanuman in the daily worship, the fresh bloom laid before the deities as a token of devotion and beauty; garlands are placed upon the images and the offering shared as the deity's grace.
Coconut
नारियल
नारिकेल
The coconut, offered and broken before the deities, is among the most auspicious of offerings, its breaking read as the surrender of the ego, and it is central to the worship at the temple as in Hindu practice across the world.
Lamps and incense (deeya and dhoop)
दीप और धूप (दीया और धूप)
दीप
Lamps and incense are offered in the daily aarti before Dattatreya and Hanuman, the flame carried before the deities as the light of the divine presence; the lighting of deeyas is dear to the Indo-Trinidadian community, above all at Divali.
Prasad and bhog
प्रसाद और भोग
नैवेद्य
Food offered to the deities as bhog and shared as prasad is central to the worship, the deity fed and the prasad received by the devotees as grace made tangible; sweets and offerings dear to Hanuman, such as laddu, are given at his festival.
The Hanuman Chalisa and the deity's stotras
हनुमान चालीसा और देवता के स्तोत्र
स्तोत्र
The recitation of the Hanuman Chalisa and of the stotras of Dattatreya and Hanuman is held a high offering, the deity worshipped in sung praise as in flower and food; the Chalisa above all is dear to the community and recited in devotion before the great murti.
इस मंदिर की विशेषता
The Reverence at the Great Hanuman Murti
महान हनुमान मूर्ति पर श्रद्धा
What is particular to this temple is the reverence brought to the towering ~85-foot Hanuman murti, the tallest outside India, which rises above the grounds at Carapichaima. Devotees walk its base, offer sindoor, flowers and prayers, and stand before its immense scale to seek the courage and protection Hanuman grants. The very raising of so great an image, by a community far from India, is itself an act of devotion, and to worship before it is to share in that act, to acknowledge the endurance of the faith carried across the ocean. The offering and the blessing meet at the murti: the devotee comes to the perfect servant of Rama, made present in stone and colour on a Caribbean plain, and Hanuman, honoured in his towering form, is held to receive and to bless.
Offerings at the Dattatreya Yoga Centre follow the devotion to Dattatreya, the guru-deity, and to Hanuman, whose great murti is the temple's landmark: sindoor and oil, flowers, coconut, lamps, prasad and the recitation of the Hanuman Chalisa and the deity's stotras. Eternal Raga presents these practices as a devotional tradition; specific arrangements should be confirmed at the temple.
How to Reachकैसे पहुँचें
The Dattatreya Yoga Centre and Mandir is at Carapichaima in central Trinidad, on the western plain near the Gulf of Paria, between the towns of Chaguanas and Couva.
By air: Piarco International Airport, Trinidad's main airport, is about thirty kilometres away, from which the temple is reached by road in under an hour.
By road: Carapichaima is reached by road from Chaguanas, Couva and the capital Port of Spain, off the Southern Main Road and the Uriah Butler / Solomon Hochoy Highway corridor that runs down the west of the island; taxis, maxi-taxis and hire cars serve the area, and the great Hanuman murti makes the temple easy to find, visible for miles across the plain.
There is no passenger rail service in Trinidad, so road travel is the means of reaching the temple. Visitors combining a stay in Port of Spain or the central towns can easily take in Carapichaima, and the temple is often visited alongside other landmarks of Hindu Trinidad and the central plain.
Plan Your Visitयात्रा की योजना
🌤 सर्वोत्तम मौसम
The dry season, roughly January to May, is the most comfortable time to visit Trinidad, with less rain and pleasant conditions on the central plain. Trinidad is warm and tropical through the year, and the great festivals, above all Hanuman Jayanti in spring, Divali in the autumn and Datta Jayanti in early winter, are the most vivid times at the temple. The wet season, roughly June to December, brings heavier rain and humidity, though the island remains warm and the temple open. The autumn Divali season, when the whole of Hindu Trinidad lights up, is an especially memorable time to be on the island. Mornings are cooler and pleasant for viewing the great murti and visiting the temple; the light on the towering Hanuman is striking early and late in the day.
👘 पहनावे का नियम
Modest and respectful dress is expected at the temple, as at any Hindu shrine, and footwear is removed in the shrines. Light clothing suited to the warm tropical climate is comfortable and appropriate; simple respectful attire is best for the worship of the deities.
📱 फोन और फोटोग्राफी
The great Hanuman murti in the grounds is freely photographed and is a favourite of visitors; within the shrines follow the temple's directions on photography, and keep phones silenced during worship.
🏨 आवास
Trinidad offers a full range of accommodation, from hotels in the capital Port of Spain and the central towns of Chaguanas and Couva to guesthouses across the island, all within easy reach of Carapichaima by road. Those visiting the temple often stay in the central towns or the capital and travel out for the day. Demand rises around the great festivals, above all Divali and Carnival season, when the island fills; booking ahead is advisable at those times.
Sacred Soundsपवित्र ध्वनि
क्या आप जानते हैं? · Did You Know?
वही अनुवाद त्रुटि जिसने हिन्दू धर्म में '33 कोटि' को '33 करोड़' बनाया, बौद्ध धर्म में भी हुई। बौद्ध ग्रन्थों के चीनी अनुवाद ने 'सप्त कोटि बुद्ध' (7 श्रेष्ठ बुद्ध) का अनुवाद '7 करोड़ बुद्ध' कर दिया। तिब्बती अनुवाद ने सही किया: 7 प्रकार, 7 करोड़ नहीं। एक संस्कृत शब्द, दो प्रमुख विश्व धर्मों में गलत पढ़ा गया, ने दो एकसमान भ्रम स्वतन्त्र रूप से उत्पन्न किए।
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