The Fruit of Giving; the Student and the Householder

Verse 1 (12.189.1)

दानस्य किं फलं प्राहुर्धर्मस्य चरितस्य च । तपसश्च सुतप्तस्य स्वाध्यायस्य हुतस्य च ॥

dānasya kiṃ phalaṃ prāhurdharmasya caritasya ca | tapasaśca sutaptasya svādhyāyasya hutasya ca

What fruit do they declare for giving, for dharma practised, for austerity well performed, for Vedic recitation and for oblation?

Note on the text: Restored from the critical edition (12.184.1): Wikisource's page for this adhyaya (189) is a stray copy of its page 191 (identical to it apart from the header and footer links; all its rows are labelled 12-191-… and its text is that of critical edition 12.186), so the real adhyaya 189, which falls between the end of adhyaya 188 (critical edition 12.183.16) and the start of adhyaya 190 (critical edition 12.185.1), is supplied from the critical edition (adhyaya 12.184, verses 1 to 18) and written in Devanagari with the critical edition's words unchanged. The critical edition's two lines (1a, 1c) are kept as two lines. The critical edition's heading "bharadvāja uvāca" stands before this verse. The critical edition has no star passage or Appendix I passage in this adhyaya.

Verse 2 (12.189.2)

हुतेन शाम्यते पापं स्वाध्याये शान्तिरुत्तमा । दानेन भोग इत्याहुस्तपसा सर्वमाप्नुयात् ॥

hutena śāmyate pāpaṃ svādhyāye śāntiruttamā | dānena bhoga ityāhustapasā sarvamāpnuyāt

By oblation sin is pacified; in Vedic recitation lies the highest peace. By giving, they say, comes enjoyment; by austerity one may gain everything.

Note on the text: Restored from the critical edition (12.184.2): Wikisource's page for this adhyaya (189) is a stray copy of its page 191 (identical to it apart from the header and footer links; all its rows are labelled 12-191-… and its text is that of critical edition 12.186), so the real adhyaya 189, which falls between the end of adhyaya 188 (critical edition 12.183.16) and the start of adhyaya 190 (critical edition 12.185.1), is supplied from the critical edition (adhyaya 12.184, verses 1 to 18) and written in Devanagari with the critical edition's words unchanged. The critical edition's two lines (2a, 2c) are kept as two lines. The critical edition's heading "bhṛgur uvāca" stands before this verse.

Verse 3 (12.189.3)

दानं तु द्विविधं प्राहुः परत्रार्थमिहैव च । सद्भ्यो यद्दीयते किं चित्तत्परत्रोपतिष्ठति ॥

dānaṃ tu dvividhaṃ prāhuḥ paratrārthamihaiva ca | sadbhyo yaddīyate kiṃ cittatparatropatiṣṭhati

Giving, they say, is of two kinds: for the sake of the next world, and for this world alone. Whatever is given to the good stands by the giver in the next world.

Note on the text: Restored from the critical edition (12.184.3): Wikisource's page for this adhyaya (189) is a stray copy of its page 191 (identical to it apart from the header and footer links; all its rows are labelled 12-191-… and its text is that of critical edition 12.186), so the real adhyaya 189, which falls between the end of adhyaya 188 (critical edition 12.183.16) and the start of adhyaya 190 (critical edition 12.185.1), is supplied from the critical edition (adhyaya 12.184, verses 1 to 18) and written in Devanagari with the critical edition's words unchanged. The critical edition's two lines (3a, 3c) are kept as two lines.

Verse 4 (12.189.4)

असत्सु दीयते यत्तु तद्दानमिह भुज्यते । यादृशं दीयते दानं तादृशं फलमाप्यते ॥

asatsu dīyate yattu taddānamiha bhujyate | yādṛśaṃ dīyate dānaṃ tādṛśaṃ phalamāpyate

But what is given to the wicked, that gift is enjoyed here. According to the kind of gift that is given, such is the fruit obtained.

Note on the text: Restored from the critical edition (12.184.4): Wikisource's page for this adhyaya (189) is a stray copy of its page 191 (identical to it apart from the header and footer links; all its rows are labelled 12-191-… and its text is that of critical edition 12.186), so the real adhyaya 189, which falls between the end of adhyaya 188 (critical edition 12.183.16) and the start of adhyaya 190 (critical edition 12.185.1), is supplied from the critical edition (adhyaya 12.184, verses 1 to 18) and written in Devanagari with the critical edition's words unchanged. The critical edition's two lines (4a, 4c) are kept as two lines.

Verse 5 (12.189.5)

किं कस्य धर्मचरणं किं वा धर्मस्य लक्षणम् । धर्मः कतिविधो वापि तद्भवान्वक्तुमर्हति ॥

kiṃ kasya dharmacaraṇaṃ kiṃ vā dharmasya lakṣaṇam | dharmaḥ katividho vāpi tadbhavānvaktumarhati

What is the practice of dharma for each person, and what is the mark of dharma? How many kinds of dharma are there? Please tell me this.

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Verse 6 (12.189.6)

स्वधर्मचरणे युक्ता ये भवन्ति मनीषिणः । तेषां धर्मफलावाप्तिर्योऽन्यथा स विमुह्यति ॥

svadharmacaraṇe yuktā ye bhavanti manīṣiṇaḥ | teṣāṃ dharmaphalāvāptiryo'nyathā sa vimuhyati

Those wise men who are devoted to the practice of their own dharma obtain the fruit of dharma; he who does otherwise falls into confusion.

Note on the text: Restored from the critical edition (12.184.6): Wikisource's page for this adhyaya (189) is a stray copy of its page 191 (identical to it apart from the header and footer links; all its rows are labelled 12-191-… and its text is that of critical edition 12.186), so the real adhyaya 189, which falls between the end of adhyaya 188 (critical edition 12.183.16) and the start of adhyaya 190 (critical edition 12.185.1), is supplied from the critical edition (adhyaya 12.184, verses 1 to 18) and written in Devanagari with the critical edition's words unchanged. The critical edition's two lines (6a, 6c) are kept as two lines. The critical edition's heading "bhṛgur uvāca" stands before this verse.

Verse 7 (12.189.7)

यदेतच्चातुराश्रम्यं ब्रह्मर्षिविहितं पुरा । तेषां स्वे स्वे य आचारास्तान्मे वक्तुमिहार्हसि ॥

yadetaccāturāśramyaṃ brahmarṣivihitaṃ purā | teṣāṃ sve sve ya ācārāstānme vaktumihārhasi

The fourfold system of life-stages that the Brahmana sages ordained long ago: the practices proper to each of them, tell me these here.

Note on the text: Restored from the critical edition (12.184.7): Wikisource's page for this adhyaya (189) is a stray copy of its page 191 (identical to it apart from the header and footer links; all its rows are labelled 12-191-… and its text is that of critical edition 12.186), so the real adhyaya 189, which falls between the end of adhyaya 188 (critical edition 12.183.16) and the start of adhyaya 190 (critical edition 12.185.1), is supplied from the critical edition (adhyaya 12.184, verses 1 to 18) and written in Devanagari with the critical edition's words unchanged. The critical edition's two lines (7a, 7c) are kept as two lines. The critical edition's heading "bharadvāja uvāca" stands before this verse.

Verse 8 (12.189.8)

पूर्वमेव भगवता लोकहितमनुतिष्ठता धर्मसंरक्षणार्थमाश्रमाश्चत्वारोऽभिनिर्दिष्टाः । तत्र गुरुकुलवासमेव तावत्प्रथममाश्रममुदाहरन्ति । सम्यगत्र शौचसंस्कारविनयनियमप्रणीतो विनीतात्मा उभे संध्ये भास्कराग्निदैवतान्युपस्थाय विहाय तन्द्रालस्ये गुरोरभिवादनवेदाभ्यासश्रवणपवित्रीकृतान्तरात्मा त्रिषवणमुपस्पृश्य ब्रह्मचर्याग्निपरिचरणगुरुशुश्रूषानित्यो भैक्षादिसर्वनिवेदितान्तरात्मा गुरुवचननिर्देशानुष्ठानाप्रतिकूलो गुरुप्रसादलब्धस्वाध्यायतत्परः स्यात् ॥

pūrvameva bhagavatā lokahitamanutiṣṭhatā dharmasaṃrakṣaṇārthamāśramāścatvāro'bhinirdiṣṭāḥ | tatra gurukulavāsameva tāvatprathamamāśramamudāharanti | samyagatra śaucasaṃskāravinayaniyamapraṇīto vinītātmā ubhe saṃdhye bhāskarāgnidaivatānyupasthāya vihāya tandrālasye gurorabhivādanavedābhyāsaśravaṇapavitrīkṛtāntarātmā triṣavaṇamupaspṛśya brahmacaryāgniparicaraṇaguruśuśrūṣānityo bhaikṣādisarvaniveditāntarātmā guruvacananirdeśānuṣṭhānāpratikūlo guruprasādalabdhasvādhyāyatatparaḥ syāt

In the beginning the Lord, acting for the good of the world, laid down four stages of life for the protection of dharma. Of these, they name first the stage of living in the teacher's household. In it, let him be well trained in cleanliness, purificatory rites, humility and the observances, humble in spirit; let him attend both twilights, worshipping the sun and the fire as deities, and give up drowsiness and sloth; let his inner self be made pure by saluting his teacher and by practising and hearing the Veda; let him bathe at the three savanas, be ever devoted to chastity, to tending the fire and to serving his teacher, offer to the teacher all that he gets by begging and the like, never oppose the teacher's words and instructions in carrying them out, and be intent on the study of the Veda obtained by the teacher's grace.

Note on the text: Restored from the critical edition (12.184.8): Wikisource's page for this adhyaya (189) is a stray copy of its page 191 (identical to it apart from the header and footer links; all its rows are labelled 12-191-… and its text is that of critical edition 12.186), so the real adhyaya 189, which falls between the end of adhyaya 188 (critical edition 12.183.16) and the start of adhyaya 190 (critical edition 12.185.1), is supplied from the critical edition (adhyaya 12.184, verses 1 to 18) and written in Devanagari with the critical edition's words unchanged. The critical edition prints this verse as prose sentences (8A, 8B, 8C); each is kept as its own line. The critical edition's heading "bhṛgur uvāca" stands before this verse.

Verse 9 (12.189.9)

गुरुं यस्तु समाराध्य द्विजो वेदमवाप्नुयात् । भवति चात्र श्लोकः । तस्य स्वर्गफलावाप्तिः सिध्यते चास्य मानसम् ॥

guruṃ yastu samārādhya dvijo vedamavāpnuyāt | bhavati cātra ślokaḥ | tasya svargaphalāvāptiḥ sidhyate cāsya mānasam

The twice-born who gains the Veda by satisfying his teacher well (on this there is a verse) obtains the fruit of heaven, and what he has in mind is accomplished.

Note on the text: Restored from the critical edition (12.184.9): Wikisource's page for this adhyaya (189) is a stray copy of its page 191 (identical to it apart from the header and footer links; all its rows are labelled 12-191-… and its text is that of critical edition 12.186), so the real adhyaya 189, which falls between the end of adhyaya 188 (critical edition 12.183.16) and the start of adhyaya 190 (critical edition 12.185.1), is supplied from the critical edition (adhyaya 12.184, verses 1 to 18) and written in Devanagari with the critical edition's words unchanged. The critical edition's prose line 9A ("bhavati cātra ślokaḥ", "there is a verse on this") stands between 9a and 9c and is kept in that place as the second of three lines.

Verse 10 (12.189.10)

गार्हस्थ्यं खलु द्वितीयमाश्रमं वदन्ति । तस्य समुदाचारलक्षणं सर्वमनुव्याख्यास्यामः । समावृत्तानां सदाराणां सहधर्मचर्याफलार्थिनां गृहाश्रमो विधीयते । धर्मार्थकामावाप्तिर्ह्यत्र त्रिवर्गसाधनमवेक्ष्यागर्हितेन कर्मणा धनान्यादाय स्वाध्यायप्रकर्षोपलब्धेन ब्रह्मर्षिनिर्मितेन वा अद्रिसारगतेन वा हव्यनियमाभ्यासदैवतप्रसादोपलब्धेन वा धनेन गृहस्थो गार्हस्थ्यं प्रवर्तयेत् । तद्धि सर्वाश्रमाणां मूलमुदाहरन्ति । गुरुकुलवासिनः परिव्राजका ये चान्ये संकल्पितव्रतनियमधर्मानुष्ठायिनस्तेषामप्यत एव भिक्षाबलिसंविभागाः प्रवर्तन्ते ॥

gārhasthyaṃ khalu dvitīyamāśramaṃ vadanti | tasya samudācāralakṣaṇaṃ sarvamanuvyākhyāsyāmaḥ | samāvṛttānāṃ sadārāṇāṃ sahadharmacaryāphalārthināṃ gṛhāśramo vidhīyate | dharmārthakāmāvāptirhyatra trivargasādhanamavekṣyāgarhitena karmaṇā dhanānyādāya svādhyāyaprakarṣopalabdhena brahmarṣinirmitena vā adrisāragatena vā havyaniyamābhyāsadaivataprasādopalabdhena vā dhanena gṛhastho gārhasthyaṃ pravartayet | taddhi sarvāśramāṇāṃ mūlamudāharanti | gurukulavāsinaḥ parivrājakā ye cānye saṃkalpitavrataniyamadharmānuṣṭhāyinasteṣāmapyata eva bhikṣābalisaṃvibhāgāḥ pravartante

The householder's stage, they say, is the second. We shall set out in full the marks of its proper conduct. The household stage is prescribed for those who have returned home from study, who have wives, and who seek the fruit of practising dharma together. In it dharma, wealth and desire are attained, and it is the means of the three aims; keeping this in view, the householder should carry on household life with wealth taken by blameless work, or gained through excellence in Vedic study, or created by the Brahmana sages, or drawn from the riches of the mountains, or won through the practice of oblation-rules and the grace of the gods. That, they say, is the root of all the stages. For those who live in the teacher's house, for the wandering mendicants, and for others who follow vows, restraints and duties of their own resolve, alms, offerings and shares of food proceed from this stage alone.

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Verse 11 (12.189.11)

वानप्रस्थानां द्रव्योपस्कार इति प्रायशः खल्वेते साधवः साधुपथ्यदर्शनाः स्वाध्यायप्रसङ्गिनस्तीर्थाभिगमनदेशदर्शनार्थं पृथिवीं पर्यटन्ति । तेषां प्रत्युत्थानाभिवादनानसूयावाक्प्रदानसौमुख्यशक्त्यासनशयनाभ्यवहारसत्क्रियाश्चेति ॥

vānaprasthānāṃ dravyopaskāra iti prāyaśaḥ khalvete sādhavaḥ sādhupathyadarśanāḥ svādhyāyaprasaṅginastīrthābhigamanadeśadarśanārthaṃ pṛthivīṃ paryaṭanti | teṣāṃ pratyutthānābhivādanānasūyāvākpradānasaumukhyaśaktyāsanaśayanābhyavahārasatkriyāśceti

As for provisions for the forest-dwellers: for the most part these good men, who look to the path of the good and are devoted to Vedic study, wander over the earth to visit holy places and see other lands. And for them there are honours: rising to meet them, salutation, freedom from envy, kind words, a cheerful face, and, as one's means allow, a seat, a bed and food.

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Verse 12 (12.189.12)

अतिथिर्यस्य भग्नाशो गृहात्प्रतिनिवर्तते । भवति चात्र श्लोकः । स दत्त्वा दुष्कृतं तस्मै पुण्यमादाय गच्छति ॥

atithiryasya bhagnāśo gṛhātpratinivartate | bhavati cātra ślokaḥ | sa dattvā duṣkṛtaṃ tasmai puṇyamādāya gacchati

He from whose house a guest turns back with his hope broken (on this there is a verse): that guest, giving him his own sin, goes away taking the householder's merit.

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Verse 13 (12.189.13)

अपि चात्र यज्ञक्रियाभिर्देवताः प्रीयन्ते निवापेन पितरो वेदाभ्यासश्रवणधारणेन ऋषयः । अपत्योत्पादनेन प्रजापतिरिति ॥

api cātra yajñakriyābhirdevatāḥ prīyante nivāpena pitaro vedābhyāsaśravaṇadhāraṇena ṛṣayaḥ | apatyotpādanena prajāpatiriti

Moreover, in this stage the gods are pleased by sacrificial rites, the ancestors by funeral offerings, the sages by the study, hearing and retention of the Veda, and Prajapati by the begetting of offspring.

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Verse 14 (12.189.14)

वत्सलाः सर्वभूतानां वाच्याः श्रोत्रसुखा गिरः । श्लोकौ चात्र भवतः । परिवादोपघातौ च पारुष्यं चात्र गर्हितम् ॥

vatsalāḥ sarvabhūtānāṃ vācyāḥ śrotrasukhā giraḥ | ślokau cātra bhavataḥ | parivādopaghātau ca pāruṣyaṃ cātra garhitam

Affectionate toward all beings, one should speak words pleasing to the ear (here there are two verses); and slander, injury and harshness are condemned in this stage.

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Verse 15 (12.189.15)

अवज्ञानमहंकारो दम्भश्चैव विगर्हितः । अहिंसा सत्यमक्रोधः सर्वाश्रमगतं तपः ॥

avajñānamahaṃkāro dambhaścaiva vigarhitaḥ | ahiṃsā satyamakrodhaḥ sarvāśramagataṃ tapaḥ

Contempt, egotism and hypocrisy are condemned. Non-injury, truthfulness and freedom from anger are the austerity that belongs to all the stages.

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Verse 16 (12.189.16)

अपि चात्र माल्याभरणवस्त्राभ्यङ्गगन्धोपभोगनृत्तगीतवादित्रश्रुतिसुखनयनाभिरामसंदर्शनानां प्राप्तिर्भक्ष्यभोज्यपेयलेह्यचोष्याणामभ्यवहार्याणां विविधानामुपभोगः स्वदारविहारसंतोषः कामसुखावाप्तिरिति ॥

api cātra mālyābharaṇavastrābhyaṅgagandhopabhoganṛttagītavāditraśrutisukhanayanābhirāmasaṃdarśanānāṃ prāptirbhakṣyabhojyapeyalehyacoṣyāṇāmabhyavahāryāṇāṃ vividhānāmupabhogaḥ svadāravihārasaṃtoṣaḥ kāmasukhāvāptiriti

Moreover, in this stage there is the obtaining of garlands, ornaments, clothes, unguents and perfumes to enjoy, of dance, song and instrumental music pleasing to the ear, and of sights delightful to the eye; the enjoyment of many kinds of food, whether to be chewed, eaten, drunk, licked or sucked; delight in sporting with one's own wife; and the attainment of the happiness of desire.

Note on the text: Restored from the critical edition (12.184.16): Wikisource's page for this adhyaya (189) is a stray copy of its page 191 (identical to it apart from the header and footer links; all its rows are labelled 12-191-… and its text is that of critical edition 12.186), so the real adhyaya 189, which falls between the end of adhyaya 188 (critical edition 12.183.16) and the start of adhyaya 190 (critical edition 12.185.1), is supplied from the critical edition (adhyaya 12.184, verses 1 to 18) and written in Devanagari with the critical edition's words unchanged. The critical edition prints this verse as a single prose sentence (16A), kept as one line.

Verse 17 (12.189.17)

त्रिवर्गगुणनिर्वृत्तिर्यस्य नित्यं गृहाश्रमे । स सुखान्यनुभूयेह शिष्टानां गतिमाप्नुयात् ॥

trivargaguṇanirvṛttiryasya nityaṃ gṛhāśrame | sa sukhānyanubhūyeha śiṣṭānāṃ gatimāpnuyāt

He for whom the benefits of the three aims are ever fully achieved in the household life enjoys pleasures here and then reaches the destination of the good.

Note on the text: Restored from the critical edition (12.184.17): Wikisource's page for this adhyaya (189) is a stray copy of its page 191 (identical to it apart from the header and footer links; all its rows are labelled 12-191-… and its text is that of critical edition 12.186), so the real adhyaya 189, which falls between the end of adhyaya 188 (critical edition 12.183.16) and the start of adhyaya 190 (critical edition 12.185.1), is supplied from the critical edition (adhyaya 12.184, verses 1 to 18) and written in Devanagari with the critical edition's words unchanged. The critical edition's two lines (17a, 17c) are kept as two lines.

Verse 18 (12.189.18)

उञ्छवृत्तिर्गृहस्थो यः स्वधर्मचरणे रतः । त्यक्तकामसुखारम्भस्तस्य स्वर्गो न दुर्लभः ॥

uñchavṛttirgṛhastho yaḥ svadharmacaraṇe rataḥ | tyaktakāmasukhārambhastasya svargo na durlabhaḥ

The householder who lives by gleaning grain, delights in the practice of his own dharma and has given up the pursuit of pleasures of desire: for him heaven is not hard to reach.

Note on the text: Restored from the critical edition (12.184.18): Wikisource's page for this adhyaya (189) is a stray copy of its page 191 (identical to it apart from the header and footer links; all its rows are labelled 12-191-… and its text is that of critical edition 12.186), so the real adhyaya 189, which falls between the end of adhyaya 188 (critical edition 12.183.16) and the start of adhyaya 190 (critical edition 12.185.1), is supplied from the critical edition (adhyaya 12.184, verses 1 to 18) and written in Devanagari with the critical edition's words unchanged. The critical edition's two lines (18a, 18c) are kept as two lines.