The Origin of the Tawny Cows

Verse 1 (13.112.1)

ततो युधिष्ठिरे राजा भूयः शान्तनवं नृपम् । गोदानविस्तरं धीमान्पप्रच्छ विनयान्वितः ॥

tato yudhiṣṭhire rājā bhūyaḥ śāntanavaṃ nṛpam | godānavistaraṃ dhīmānpapraccha vinayānvitaḥ

Then King Yudhishthira, wise and humble, asked the son of Shantanu once more to describe at length the gift of cows.

Verse 2 (13.112.2)

गोप्रदानगुणान्सम्यक् पुनर्मे ब्रूहि भारत । न हि तृप्याम्यहं वीर शृण्वानोऽमृतमीदृशम् ॥

gopradānaguṇānsamyak punarme brūhi bhārata | na hi tṛpyāmyahaṃ vīra śṛṇvāno'mṛtamīdṛśam

"Tell me once more, O Bharata, the merits of giving cows, and tell them fully. O hero, I am never satisfied with hearing such nectar."

Verse 3 (13.112.3)

इत्युक्तो धर्मराजेन तदा शान्तनवो नृपः । सम्यगाह गुणांस्तस्मै गोप्रदानस्य केवलान् ॥

ityukto dharmarājena tadā śāntanavo nṛpaḥ | samyagāha guṇāṃstasmai gopradānasya kevalān

Addressed in this way by the king of dharma, the son of Shantanu then rightly told him the merits of the gift of cows, and nothing else.

Verse 4 (13.112.4)

वत्सलां गुणसम्पन्नां तरुणीं वस्त्रसंयुताम् । दत्त्वेदृशीं गां विप्राय सर्वपापैः प्रमुच्यते ॥

vatsalāṃ guṇasampannāṃ taruṇīṃ vastrasaṃyutām | dattvedṛśīṃ gāṃ viprāya sarvapāpaiḥ pramucyate

A man who gives a Brahmin a cow of this kind, with her calf, endowed with good qualities, young and covered with a cloth, is freed from all sins.

Note on the text: Corrected गुणसम्प्रन्ना → गुणसम्पन्नां (misprint in Wikisource; a wrong conjunct and a dropped anusvara; CE reads 'guṇasaṃpannāṃ').

Verse 5 (13.112.5)

असुर्या नाम ते लोका गां दत्त्वा तान्न गच्छति ॥

asuryā nāma te lokā gāṃ dattvā tānna gacchati

There are worlds called Asurya; one who gives a cow does not go to them.

Note on the text: One line only, as CE 13.76.5a. Wikisource reads 'तान्न गच्छति' where the CE has 'tatra gacchati' (recension variant, kept; the page's apparatus records another reading, 'अनन्ता नाम ते लोका … यत्र गच्छति'). CE 5c continues in the next verse.

Verse 6 (13.112.6)

पीतोदकां जग्धतृणां नष्टक्षीरां निरिन्द्रियाम् । जरारोगोपसम्पन्नां जीर्णां वापीमिवाजलाम् । दत्त्वा तमः प्रविशति द्विजं क्लेशेन योजयेत् ॥

pītodakāṃ jagdhatṛṇāṃ naṣṭakṣīrāṃ nirindriyām | jarārogopasampannāṃ jīrṇāṃ vāpīmivājalām | dattvā tamaḥ praviśati dvijaṃ kleśena yojayet

A cow that has drunk her water and eaten her grass, whose milk is gone and whose senses are failing, who is worn with age and disease and is spent like a waterless well: one who gives such a cow enters darkness, and he lays hardship on the Brahmin.

Note on the text: Lines = CE 13.76.5c, 6a, 6c, with variants (नष्टक्षीरां for naṣṭadugdhāṃ; जरारोगोपसम्पन्नां for jarogrām upayuktārthām; वापीमिव for kūpam iva). Recension variants, kept.

Verse 7 (13.112.7)

रुष्टा दुष्टा व्याधिता दुर्बला वा । नो दातव्या याश्च मूल्यैरदत्तैः । क्लेशैर्विप्रं योऽफलैः संयुनक्ति । तस्याऽवीर्याश्चाफलाश्चैव लोकाः ॥

ruṣṭā duṣṭā vyādhitā durbalā vā | no dātavyā yāśca mūlyairadattaiḥ | kleśairvipraṃ yo'phalaiḥ saṃyunakti | tasyā'vīryāścāphalāścaiva lokāḥ

A cow that is vicious, unruly, sick or weak must not be given, nor one whose price has not been paid. The man who burdens a Brahmin with such useless troubles will find that his own worlds are without strength and without fruit.

Note on the text: Four pada-lines, as CE 13.76.7a, c (CE reads 'duṣṭā ruṣṭā' for रुष्टा दुष्टा).

Verse 8 (13.112.8)

बलान्विताः शीलवीर्योपपन्नाः । सर्वे प्रशंसन्ति सुगन्धवत्यः । यथा हि गङ्गा सरितां वरिष्ठा । तथाऽर्जुनीनां कपिला वरिष्ठा ॥

balānvitāḥ śīlavīryopapannāḥ | sarve praśaṃsanti sugandhavatyaḥ | yathā hi gaṅgā saritāṃ variṣṭhā | tathā'rjunīnāṃ kapilā variṣṭhā

Everyone praises cows that are strong, of good temper and vigour, and sweet-scented. As the Ganga is the foremost of rivers, so the tawny cow is the foremost of cows.

Note on the text: Recension variants (शीलवीर्योपपन्नाः for CE śīlavayopapannāḥ; सर्वे for sarvāḥ), kept.

Verse 9 (13.112.9)

कस्मात्समाने बहुलाप्रदाने । सद्भिः प्रशस्तं कपिलाप्रदानम् । विशेषमिच्छामि महाप्रभावं । श्रोतुं समर्थोस्मि भवान्प्रवक्तुम् ॥

kasmātsamāne bahulāpradāne | sadbhiḥ praśastaṃ kapilāpradānam | viśeṣamicchāmi mahāprabhāvaṃ | śrotuṃ samarthosmi bhavānpravaktum

"Why, when the gift of any milch cow is the same, do the good praise the gift of a tawny cow in particular? I wish to hear this special and mighty reason; I am able to listen, and you are able to tell it."

Verse 10 (13.112.10)

वृद्धानां ब्रुवतां श्रुत्वा कपिलानामथोद्भवम् । वक्ष्यामि तदशेषेण रोहिण्यो निर्मिता यथा ॥

vṛddhānāṃ bruvatāṃ śrutvā kapilānāmathodbhavam | vakṣyāmi tadaśeṣeṇa rohiṇyo nirmitā yathā

I shall tell you in full what I heard the elders say about the origin of the tawny cows, and how the Rohini cows were made.

Note on the text: Line 2 = CE 13.76.10c; line 1 differs from CE 10a (Wikisource वृद्धानां ब्रुवतां श्रुत्वा कपिलानामथोद्भवम् against CE vṛddhānāṃ bruvatāṃ tāta śrutaṃ me yat prabhāṣase). The automatic alignment left it unmatched; recension variant, kept.

Verse 11 (13.112.11)

प्रजाः सृजेति चादिष्टः पूर्वं दक्षः स्वयंभुवा । नासृजद्वृत्तिमेवाग्रे प्रजानां हितकाम्यया ॥

prajāḥ sṛjeti cādiṣṭaḥ pūrvaṃ dakṣaḥ svayaṃbhuvā | nāsṛjadvṛttimevāgre prajānāṃ hitakāmyayā

Long ago Daksha was commanded by the Self-born, "Create creatures." Out of care for the welfare of creatures, he did not first create their livelihood.

Note on the text: Recension variant: Wikisource 'नासृजद्वृत्तिमेवाग्रे' (did not first create) where the CE reads 'asṛjad vṛttim evāgre'; the page's apparatus records the CE-type reading as a manuscript variant. Kept.

Verse 12 (13.112.12)

यथा ह्यमृतमाश्रित्य वर्तयन्ति दिवौकसः । तथा वृत्तिं समाश्रित्य वर्तयन्ति प्रजा विभो ॥

yathā hyamṛtamāśritya vartayanti divaukasaḥ | tathā vṛttiṃ samāśritya vartayanti prajā vibho

Just as the gods live by depending on nectar, O lord, so creatures live by depending on livelihood.

Verse 13 (13.112.13)

अचरेभ्यश्च भूतेभ्यश्चराः श्रेष्ठास्ततो नराः । ब्राह्मणाश्च ततः श्रेष्ठास्तेषु यज्ञाः प्रतिष्ठिताः ॥

acarebhyaśca bhūtebhyaścarāḥ śreṣṭhāstato narāḥ | brāhmaṇāśca tataḥ śreṣṭhāsteṣu yajñāḥ pratiṣṭhitāḥ

Moving beings are better than unmoving ones, and men are better than those; Brahmins are better than men, and in them sacrifices are established.

Note on the text: Corrected तषु → तेषु (misprint in Wikisource; a dropped vowel sign; CE reads 'teṣu').

Verse 14 (13.112.14)

यज्ञैराप्यायते सोमः स च गोषु प्रतिष्ठितः । ताभ्यो देवाः प्रमोदन्ते प्रजानां वृत्तिरासु च ॥

yajñairāpyāyate somaḥ sa ca goṣu pratiṣṭhitaḥ | tābhyo devāḥ pramodante prajānāṃ vṛttirāsu ca

Soma is nourished by sacrifices, and Soma is established in cows. Through them the gods rejoice, and in them lies the livelihood of creatures.

Note on the text: Line 1 = CE 13.76.14a; line 2 differs from CE 14c (sarve devāḥ pramodante pūrvavṛttās tataḥ prajāḥ). Recension variant, kept.

Verse 15 (13.112.15)

ततः प्रजासु सृष्टासु दक्षाद्यैः क्षुधिताः प्रजाः । प्रजापतिमुपाधावन्विनिश्चित्य चतुर्मुखम् ॥

tataḥ prajāsu sṛṣṭāsu dakṣādyaiḥ kṣudhitāḥ prajāḥ | prajāpatimupādhāvanviniścitya caturmukham

Then, when creatures had been created by Daksha and the others, the hungry creatures resolved to go to the Lord of Creatures, the four-faced Brahma, and ran to him.

Note on the text: Corrected चतुर्मखम् → चतुर्मुखम् (misprint in Wikisource; a wrong vowel; the four-faced one is चतुर्मुख, as in the CE star line 'caturmukham'). Not in the critical edition's constituted text: CE star lines 13,076.014d*0371_01-02 (printed after 13.76.14).

Verse 16 (13.112.16)

प्रजातान्येव भूतानि प्राक्रोशन्वृत्तिकाङ्क्षया । वृत्तिदं चान्वपद्यन्त तृषिताः पितृमातृवत् ॥

prajātānyeva bhūtāni prākrośanvṛttikāṅkṣayā | vṛttidaṃ cānvapadyanta tṛṣitāḥ pitṛmātṛvat

The newly born beings cried out in longing for livelihood, and, thirsting, they went to the giver of livelihood as children go to a father and mother.

Verse 17 (13.112.17)

इतीदं मनसा गत्वा प्रजासर्गार्थमात्मनः । प्रजापतिर्बलाधानममृतं प्रापिबत्तदा । शंसतस्तस्य तृप्तिं तु गन्धात्सुरभिरुत्थिता ॥

itīdaṃ manasā gatvā prajāsargārthamātmanaḥ | prajāpatirbalādhānamamṛtaṃ prāpibattadā | śaṃsatastasya tṛptiṃ tu gandhātsurabhirutthitā

Having thought thus in his mind for the sake of creating creatures, Prajapati then drank nectar, the giver of strength. As he declared his satisfaction, Surabhi arose from the fragrance.

Note on the text: Lines 1-2 = CE 13.76.16a, c; line 3 corresponds to CE 17a (sa gatas tasya tṛptiṃ tu gandhaṃ surabhim udgiran), in different wording (शंसतस्तस्य तृप्तिं तु गन्धात्सुरभिरुत्थिता). Recension variant, kept.

Verse 18 (13.112.18)

मुखजा साऽसृजद्धातुः सुरभिर्लोकमातरम् । दर्शनीयरसं वृत्तिं सुरभिं मुखजां सुताम् ॥

mukhajā sā'sṛjaddhātuḥ surabhirlokamātaram | darśanīyarasaṃ vṛttiṃ surabhiṃ mukhajāṃ sutām

Born of the Creator's mouth, Surabhi, the mother of the worlds, brought forth a daughter from her own mouth, a second Surabhi, a source of livelihood and of lovely flavour.

Note on the text: Line 1 = CE star line 13,076.017b*0372_01; line 2 is a variant of CE 17c (dadarśodgārasaṃvṛttāṃ surabhiṃ mukhajāṃ sutām). Kept.

Verse 19 (13.112.19)

साऽसृजत्सौरभेयीस्तु सुरभिर्लोकमातृकाः । सुवर्णवर्णाः कपिलाः प्रजानां वृत्तिधेनवः ॥

sā'sṛjatsaurabheyīstu surabhirlokamātṛkāḥ | suvarṇavarṇāḥ kapilāḥ prajānāṃ vṛttidhenavaḥ

Surabhi, the mother of the worlds, then created the Saurabheyis, the tawny cows, golden in colour, the cows that give livelihood to creatures.

Verse 20 (13.112.20)

तासाममृतवृत्तीनां क्षरन्तीनां समन्ततः । बभूवामृतजः फेनः स्रवन्तीनामिवोर्मिजः ॥

tāsāmamṛtavṛttīnāṃ kṣarantīnāṃ samantataḥ | babhūvāmṛtajaḥ phenaḥ sravantīnāmivormijaḥ

As these cows, whose very sustenance was nectar, flowed with milk on every side, a foam born of nectar arose, like the foam of waves from flowing rivers.

Verse 21 (13.112.21)

स वत्समुखविभ्रष्टो भवस्य भुवि तिष्ठतः । शिरस्यवापतत्क्रुद्धः स तदैक्षत च प्रभुः । ललाटप्रभवेणाक्ष्णा रोहिणीं प्रदहन्निव ॥

sa vatsamukhavibhraṣṭo bhavasya bhuvi tiṣṭhataḥ | śirasyavāpatatkruddhaḥ sa tadaikṣata ca prabhuḥ | lalāṭaprabhaveṇākṣṇā rohiṇīṃ pradahanniva

That foam, slipping from a calf's mouth, fell upon the head of Bhava as he stood on the earth. The angry Lord looked at the cows with the eye born in his forehead, as if burning the Rohinis.

Note on the text: Three lines, as CE 13.76.20a, c, e.

Verse 22 (13.112.22)

तत्तेजस्तु ततो रौद्रं कपिलां गां विशाम्पते । नानावर्णत्वमनयन्मेघानिव दिवाकरः ॥

tattejastu tato raudraṃ kapilāṃ gāṃ viśāmpate | nānāvarṇatvamanayanmeghāniva divākaraḥ

Then, O lord of the people, that terrible fire of his turned the tawny cows to many colours, as the sun does with the clouds.

Verse 23 (13.112.23)

यास्तु तस्मादपक्रम्य सोममेवाभिसंश्रिताः । यथोत्पन्नाः स्ववर्णस्था न नीताश्चान्यवर्णतां ॥

yāstu tasmādapakramya somamevābhisaṃśritāḥ | yathotpannāḥ svavarṇasthā na nītāścānyavarṇatāṃ

But those that moved away from him and took refuge with Soma kept the colour they were born with and were not turned into any other colour.

Note on the text: Matches CE 13.76.22 (the automatic alignment left it unmatched) with a variant in line 2 (न नीताश्चान्यवर्णताम् against CE tā nītā nānyavarṇatām). Kept.

Verse 24 (13.112.24)

अथ क्रुद्धं महादेवं प्रजापतिरभाषत । अमृतेनावसिक्तस्त्वं नोच्छिष्टं विद्यते गवाम् ॥

atha kruddhaṃ mahādevaṃ prajāpatirabhāṣata | amṛtenāvasiktastvaṃ nocchiṣṭaṃ vidyate gavām

Then Prajapati spoke to the enraged Mahadeva: "You have been sprinkled with nectar; there is nothing left over and defiled in cows."

Note on the text: The first line is narration; Prajapati's speech begins in the second line and runs through verse 26.

Verse 25 (13.112.25)

यथा ह्यमृतमादाय सोमो विष्यन्दते पुनः । तथा क्षीरं क्षरन्त्येता रोहिण्योऽमृतसम्भवाः ॥

yathā hyamṛtamādāya somo viṣyandate punaḥ | tathā kṣīraṃ kṣarantyetā rohiṇyo'mṛtasambhavāḥ

"Just as Soma takes in nectar and sheds it again, so these Rohinis, born of nectar, let their milk flow."

Note on the text: Speaker: Prajapati (Brahma). The page prints no heading; the speech begins in the second line of the previous verse and fills this verse.

Verse 26 (13.112.26)

न दुष्यत्यनिलो नाग्निर्न सुवर्णं न चोदधिः । नामृतेनामृतं पीतं न वत्सैर्दुष्यते पयः ॥

na duṣyatyanilo nāgnirna suvarṇaṃ na codadhiḥ | nāmṛtenāmṛtaṃ pītaṃ na vatsairduṣyate payaḥ

"Neither wind nor fire nor gold nor the ocean is defiled; nectar is not made impure by being drunk by nectar, and milk is not made impure by the calves."

Note on the text: Speaker: Prajapati (Brahma); unheaded on the page. Line 1 = CE 13.76.25a; line 2 differs from CE 25c (nāmṛtenāmṛtaṃ pītaṃ vatsapītā na vatsalā). Recension variant, kept.

Verse 27 (13.112.27)

इमाँल्लोकान्भरिष्यन्ति हविषा प्रस्रवेण च । आसामैश्वर्यमिच्छन्ति सर्वेऽमृतमयं शुभम् ॥

imām̐llokānbhariṣyanti haviṣā prasraveṇa ca | āsāmaiśvaryamicchanti sarve'mṛtamayaṃ śubham

"They will sustain these worlds with oblations and with their flow of milk. All wish for lordship over these cows, which are wholly made of nectar and are auspicious."

Note on the text: Speaker: Prajapati (Brahma); unheaded on the page. Line 2 differs from CE 26c (āsām aiśvaryam aśnīhi sarvāmṛtamayaṃ śubham). Recension variant, kept.

Verse 28 (13.112.28)

वृषभं च ददौ तस्मै भगवाँल्लोकभावनः । प्रसादयामास मनस्तेन रुद्रस्य भारत ॥

vṛṣabhaṃ ca dadau tasmai bhagavām̐llokabhāvanaḥ | prasādayāmāsa manastena rudrasya bhārata

And the blessed Lord, maker of the worlds, gave him a bull, and with it he appeased the mind of Rudra, O Bharata.

Note on the text: Line 1 differs from CE 27a (vṛṣabhaṃ ca dadau tasmai saha tābhiḥ prajāpatiḥ); line 2 as CE 27c. Recension variant, kept.

Verse 29 (13.112.29)

प्रीतश्चापि महादेवश्चकार वृषभं तदा । ध्वजं च वाहनं चैव तस्मात्स वृषभध्वजः ॥

prītaścāpi mahādevaścakāra vṛṣabhaṃ tadā | dhvajaṃ ca vāhanaṃ caiva tasmātsa vṛṣabhadhvajaḥ

Mahadeva, pleased, then made the bull his banner and his vehicle, and so he is called Vrishabhadhvaja, "he whose banner is a bull."

Verse 30 (13.112.30)

ततो देवैर्महादेवस्तदा पशुपतिः कृतः । ईश्वरः स गवां मध्ये वृषभाङ्कः प्रकीर्तितः ॥

tato devairmahādevastadā paśupatiḥ kṛtaḥ | īśvaraḥ sa gavāṃ madhye vṛṣabhāṅkaḥ prakīrtitaḥ

Then the gods made Mahadeva Pashupati, Lord of Cattle; in the midst of the cows he is called Ishvara, the one marked with a bull.

Note on the text: Line 1 as CE 29a; line 2 differs from CE 29c (Wikisource ईश्वरः स गवां मध्ये वृषभाङ्कः प्रकीर्तितः against CE īśvaraḥ sa gavāṃ madhye vṛṣāṅka iti cocyate). Recension variant, kept.

Verse 31 (13.112.31)

एवमव्यग्रवर्णानां कपिलानां महौजसाम् । प्रदाने प्रथमः कल्पः सर्वासामेव कीर्तितः ॥

evamavyagravarṇānāṃ kapilānāṃ mahaujasām | pradāne prathamaḥ kalpaḥ sarvāsāmeva kīrtitaḥ

Thus, in the gift of tawny cows of unchanged colour and great vigour, this is declared the first and foremost rule for all of them.

Verse 32 (13.112.32)

लोकज्येष्ठा लोकवृत्तिप्रवृत्ता । रुद्रोद्भूताः सोमविष्यन्दभूताः । सौम्याः पुण्याः कामदाः प्राणदाश्च । गा वै दत्त्वा सर्वकामप्रदः स्यात् ॥

lokajyeṣṭhā lokavṛttipravṛttā | rudrodbhūtāḥ somaviṣyandabhūtāḥ | saumyāḥ puṇyāḥ kāmadāḥ prāṇadāśca | gā vai dattvā sarvakāmapradaḥ syāt

Eldest of the world, engaged in sustaining the world, sprung from Rudra, arisen from the flow of Soma, gentle, holy, granting desires and giving life: by giving such cows a man becomes a giver of all desires.

Note on the text: Four pada-lines, as CE 13.76.31a, c (the raw page labels the four lines 13-112-32a, 32b, 32c, 33d, a numbering slip; they form one verse).

Verse 33 (13.112.33)

इदं गवां प्रभवविधानमुत्तमं । पठन्सदा शुचिरपि मङ्गलप्रियः । विमुच्यते कलिकलुषेण मानवः । प्रियान्सुतान्धनपशुमाप्नुयात्सदा ॥

idaṃ gavāṃ prabhavavidhānamuttamaṃ | paṭhansadā śucirapi maṅgalapriyaḥ | vimucyate kalikaluṣeṇa mānavaḥ | priyānsutāndhanapaśumāpnuyātsadā

A man who is pure and fond of auspicious things, and who always recites this excellent account of the origin of cows, is freed from the stain of the Kali age and always gains dear sons, wealth and cattle.

Note on the text: Matches CE 13.76.32 (the automatic alignment left it unmatched) with variants (शुचिरपि मङ्गलप्रियः for CE śucir atimaṅgalapriyaḥ; last line प्रियान्सुतान्धनपशुमाप्नुयात्सदा against CE priyaṃ sutān paśudhanam āpnuyāt tathā). Kept.

Verse 34 (13.112.34)

हव्यं कव्यं तर्पणं शान्तिकर्म । यानं वासो वृद्धबालस्य तुष्टिः । एतान्सर्वान्गोप्रदाने गुणान्वै । दाता राजन्नाप्नुयाद्वै सदैव ॥

havyaṃ kavyaṃ tarpaṇaṃ śāntikarma | yānaṃ vāso vṛddhabālasya tuṣṭiḥ | etānsarvāngopradāne guṇānvai | dātā rājannāpnuyādvai sadaiva

Offerings to gods and ancestors, libations, rites of peace, conveyance, clothing, and the contentment of the old and the young: the giver of cows, O king, always gains all these merits.

Note on the text: Variant: तुष्टिः for CE puṣṭim; kept.

Verse 35 (13.112.35)

पितामहस्याथ निशम्य वाक्यं । राजा सह भ्रातृभिराजमीढः । सुवर्णवर्णानडुहस्तथा गाः । पार्थो ददौ ब्राह्मणसत्तमेभ्यः ॥

pitāmahasyātha niśamya vākyaṃ | rājā saha bhrātṛbhirājamīḍhaḥ | suvarṇavarṇānaḍuhastathā gāḥ | pārtho dadau brāhmaṇasattamebhyaḥ

Hearing his grandfather's words, King Yudhishthira, descendant of Ajamidha, together with his brothers gave golden-hued oxen and cows to the best of Brahmins.

Note on the text: Line 3 differs from CE 34c (sauvarṇakāṃsyopaduhās tato gāḥ); recension variant, kept.

Verse 36 (13.112.36)

तथैव तेभ्योपि ददौ द्विजेभ्यो । गवां सहस्राणि शतानि चैव । यज्ञान्समुद्धिश्य च दक्षिणार्थे । लोकान्विजेतुं परमां च कीर्तिम् ॥

tathaiva tebhyopi dadau dvijebhyo | gavāṃ sahasrāṇi śatāni caiva | yajñānsamuddhiśya ca dakṣiṇārthe | lokānvijetuṃ paramāṃ ca kīrtim

In the same way he gave those Brahmins hundreds and thousands of cows, setting aside sacrifices and the fees for them, in order to conquer the worlds and win supreme fame.

Note on the text: Variant in line 1: तथैव तेभ्योपि ददौ for CE tathaiva tebhyo 'bhidadau; kept.