Why Krishna and Jarasandha Were Enemies

Verse 1 (2.23.1)

किमर्थं वैरिणावास्तामुभौ तौ कृष्णमागधौ । कथं च निर्जितः सङ्ख्ये जरासन्धेन माधवः ॥

kimarthaṃ vairiṇāvāstāmubhau tau kṛṣṇamāgadhau | kathaṃ ca nirjitaḥ saṅkhye jarāsandhena mādhavaḥ

"Why were those two, Krishna and the king of Magadha, enemies? And how was Madhava overcome in battle by Jarasandha?"

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34.

Verse 2 (2.23.2)

कश्च कंसो मागधस्य यस्य हेतोः स वैरवान् । एतदाचक्ष्व मे सर्वं वैशम्पायन तत्वतः ॥

kaśca kaṃso māgadhasya yasya hetoḥ sa vairavān | etadācakṣva me sarvaṃ vaiśampāyana tatvataḥ

"And what was Kamsa to the king of Magadha, that on his account Jarasandha bore this enmity? Tell me all of this truly, Vaishampayana."

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34.

Verse 3 (2.23.3)

यादवानामन्ववाये वसुदेवो महामतिः । उदपद्यत वार्ष्णेयो ह्युग्रसेनस्य मन्त्रभृत् ॥

yādavānāmanvavāye vasudevo mahāmatiḥ | udapadyata vārṣṇeyo hyugrasenasya mantrabhṛt

In the line of the Yadavas was born the wise Vasudeva, a Vrishni, who served as counsellor to Ugrasena.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34.

Verse 4 (2.23.4)

उग्रसेनस्य कंसस्तु बभूव बलवान्सुतः । ज्येष्ठो बहूनां कौरव्य सर्वशस्त्रविशारदः ॥

ugrasenasya kaṃsastu babhūva balavānsutaḥ | jyeṣṭho bahūnāṃ kauravya sarvaśastraviśāradaḥ

Ugrasena had a mighty son, Kamsa, the eldest of many brothers, O Kauravya, and skilled in every weapon.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34.

Verse 5 (2.23.5)

जरासन्धस्य दुहिता तस्य भार्याऽतिविश्रुता । राज्यशुल्केन दत्ता सा जरासन्धेन धीमता ॥

jarāsandhasya duhitā tasya bhāryā'tiviśrutā | rājyaśulkena dattā sā jarāsandhena dhīmatā

His wife, widely renowned, was the daughter of Jarasandha; the wise Jarasandha gave her to him with the kingdom as her bride-price.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34. Corrected राज्यशुक्लेन → राज्यशुल्केन (misprint in Wikisource; शुल्क "bride-price" is meant, as the critical edition's appendix reads rājyaśulkena).

Verse 6 (2.23.6)

तदर्थमुग्रसेनस्य मधुरायां सुतस्तदा । अभिषिक्तस्तदाऽमात्यैः स वै तीव्रपराक्रमः ॥

tadarthamugrasenasya madhurāyāṃ sutastadā | abhiṣiktastadā'mātyaiḥ sa vai tīvraparākramaḥ

For that reason the ministers then consecrated Ugrasena's son, a man of fierce valour, as king in Mathura.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34.

Verse 7 (2.23.7)

ऐश्वर्यबलमत्तस्तु स तदा बलमोहितः । निगृह्य पितरं भुङ्क्ते तद्राज्यं मन्त्रिभिः सह ॥

aiśvaryabalamattastu sa tadā balamohitaḥ | nigṛhya pitaraṃ bhuṅkte tadrājyaṃ mantribhiḥ saha

Drunk on lordship and strength, and blinded by his own might, he imprisoned his father and enjoyed that kingdom together with his ministers.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34.

Verse 8 (2.23.8)

वसुदेवस्य तत्कृत्यं न शृणोति स मन्दधीः । स तेन सह तद्राज्यं धर्मतः पर्यपालयत् ॥

vasudevasya tatkṛtyaṃ na śṛṇoti sa mandadhīḥ | sa tena saha tadrājyaṃ dharmataḥ paryapālayat

That dull-witted king would not listen to Vasudeva's counsel on what ought to be done; yet Vasudeva stayed with him and governed the kingdom righteously.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34. Corrected त तेन → स तेन (misprint in Wikisource; त stands for the pronoun स, as the appendix reads sa tena).

Verse 9 (2.23.9)

प्रीतिमान्स तु दैत्येन्द्रो वसुदेवस्य देवकीम् । उवाह भार्यां स तदा दुहिता देवकस्य या ॥

prītimānsa tu daityendro vasudevasya devakīm | uvāha bhāryāṃ sa tadā duhitā devakasya yā

Then that lord of the Daityas, being fond of Vasudeva, escorted Devaki, the daughter of Devaka, as Vasudeva's bride.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34. Corrected वाह भार्या → उवाह भार्यां (misprint in Wikisource; dropped उ and anusvara break the verb and the metre, the appendix reads uvāha bhāryāṃ).

Verse 10 (2.23.10)

तस्यामुद्वाह्यमानायां रथेन जनमेजय । उपारुरोह वार्ष्णेयं कंसो भूमिपतिस्तदा ॥

tasyāmudvāhyamānāyāṃ rathena janamejaya | upāruroha vārṣṇeyaṃ kaṃso bhūmipatistadā

As she was being carried home on the chariot, O Janamejaya, King Kamsa himself climbed up beside the Vrishni.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34.

Verse 11 (2.23.11)

ततोऽन्तरिक्षे वागासीद्देवदूतस्य कस्यचित् । वसुदेवश्च शुश्राव तां वाचं पार्थिवश्च सः ॥

tato'ntarikṣe vāgāsīddevadūtasya kasyacit | vasudevaśca śuśrāva tāṃ vācaṃ pārthivaśca saḥ

Then a voice rang out in the sky, the voice of some divine messenger, and both Vasudeva and the king heard it.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34.

Verse 12 (2.23.12)

यामेतां वहमानोऽद्य कंसोद्वहसि देवकीम् । अस्या यश्चाष्टमो गर्भः स ते मृत्युर्भविष्यति ॥

yāmetāṃ vahamāno'dya kaṃsodvahasi devakīm | asyā yaścāṣṭamo garbhaḥ sa te mṛtyurbhaviṣyati

"Kamsa, this Devaki whom you are escorting today as a bride: the eighth child of her womb will be your death."

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34.

Verse 13 (2.23.13)

सोऽवतीर्य ततो राजा खड्गमुद्धृत्य निर्मलम् । इयेष तस्या मूर्धानं छेत्तुं परमदुर्मतिः ॥

so'vatīrya tato rājā khaḍgamuddhṛtya nirmalam | iyeṣa tasyā mūrdhānaṃ chettuṃ paramadurmatiḥ

At that the king climbed down, drew his gleaming sword and, utterly wicked, sought to cut off her head.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34.

Verse 14 (2.23.14)

सान्त्वयन्स तदा कंसं हसन्क्रोधवशानुगम् । राजन्ननुनयामास वसुदेवो महामतिः ॥

sāntvayansa tadā kaṃsaṃ hasankrodhavaśānugam | rājannanunayāmāsa vasudevo mahāmatiḥ

Then the wise Vasudeva, smiling, soothed Kamsa, who was in the grip of rage, and pleaded with the king.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34. Corrected कोध → क्रोध (misprint in Wikisource; broken conjunct).

Verse 15 (2.23.15)

अहिंस्यां प्रमदामाहुः सर्वधर्मेषु पार्थिव । अकस्मादबलां नारीं हन्तासीमामनागसीम् ॥

ahiṃsyāṃ pramadāmāhuḥ sarvadharmeṣu pārthiva | akasmādabalāṃ nārīṃ hantāsīmāmanāgasīm

"In every code of dharma, O king, a woman is said to be inviolable. Would you, without cause, kill this helpless woman, who has done no wrong?"

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34.

Verse 16 (2.23.16)

यच्च तेऽत्र भयं राजञ्शक्यते बाधितुं त्वया । इयं शक्या पालयितुं समयं चैव रक्षितुम् ॥

yacca te'tra bhayaṃ rājañśakyate bādhituṃ tvayā | iyaṃ śakyā pālayituṃ samayaṃ caiva rakṣitum

"Whatever danger you fear from her, O king, you can ward it off. She can be spared, and an agreement can be kept."

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34.

Verse 17 (2.23.17)

अस्यास्त्वमष्टमं गर्भं जातमात्रं महीपते । विध्वंसय तदा प्राप्तमेवं परिहृतं भवेत् ॥

asyāstvamaṣṭamaṃ garbhaṃ jātamātraṃ mahīpate | vidhvaṃsaya tadā prāptamevaṃ parihṛtaṃ bhavet

"Destroy her eighth child, lord of the earth, as soon as it is born and comes into your hands; in that way the danger will be averted."

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34.

Verse 18 (2.23.18)

एवं स राजा कथितो वसुदेवेन भारत । तस्य तद्वचनं चक्रे शूरसेनपतिस्तदा ॥

evaṃ sa rājā kathito vasudevena bhārata | tasya tadvacanaṃ cakre śūrasenapatistadā

Addressed thus by Vasudeva, O Bharata, the king, lord of the Shurasenas, did as he said.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34. Corrected चके → चक्रे (misprint in Wikisource; broken conjunct).

Verse 19 (2.23.19)

ततस्तस्यां सम्बभूवुः कुमाराः सूर्यवर्चसः । जाताञ्जातांस्तु तान्सर्वाञ्जघान मधुरेश्वरः ॥

tatastasyāṃ sambabhūvuḥ kumārāḥ sūryavarcasaḥ | jātāñjātāṃstu tānsarvāñjaghāna madhureśvaraḥ

Then sons as radiant as the sun were born to her, and the lord of Mathura killed every one of them as soon as each was born.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34. Corrected जाताञ्चातांस्तु → जाताञ्जातांस्तु (misprint in Wikisource; the appendix reads jātāñ jātāṃs tu).

Verse 20 (2.23.20)

अथ तस्यां समभवद्बलदेवस्तु सप्तमः । याम्यया मायया तं तु यमो राजा विशाम्पते ॥

atha tasyāṃ samabhavadbaladevastu saptamaḥ | yāmyayā māyayā taṃ tu yamo rājā viśāmpate

Then Baladeva came into being in her as the seventh. But King Yama, O lord of the people, by his own power of illusion,

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34. Corrected सत्तमः → सप्तमः (misprint in Wikisource; the sense requires "seventh", followed by the eighth in the next verse, and the appendix reads saptamaḥ). Corrected याम्यता → याम्यया (misprint in Wikisource; must agree with मायया, as the appendix reads yāmyayā).

Verse 21 (2.23.21)

देवक्या गर्भमतुलं रोहिण्या जठरेऽक्षिपत् । आकृष्य कर्षणात्सम्यक्सङ्कर्षण इति स्मृतः ॥

devakyā garbhamatulaṃ rohiṇyā jaṭhare'kṣipat | ākṛṣya karṣaṇātsamyaksaṅkarṣaṇa iti smṛtaḥ

took that matchless embryo from Devaki and placed it in the womb of Rohini. Because he was drawn out by this "drawing" (karshana), he is remembered as Sankarshana.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34. Corrected सङ्कर्षणं इति → सङ्कर्षण इति (misprint in Wikisource; stray anusvara, the appendix reads saṃkarṣaṇa iti).

Verse 22 (2.23.22)

बलश्रेष्ठतया तस्य बलदेव इति स्मृतः । पुनस्तस्यां समभवदष्टमो मधुसूदनः ॥

balaśreṣṭhatayā tasya baladeva iti smṛtaḥ | punastasyāṃ samabhavadaṣṭamo madhusūdanaḥ

Because he was foremost in strength (bala), he is also remembered as Baladeva. Then once more the eighth came into being in her: Madhusudana.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34. Corrected मधुमूदनः → मधुसूदनः (misprint in Wikisource).

Verse 23 (2.23.23)

तस्य गर्भस्य रक्षां तु स चक्रेऽभ्यधिकं नृपः । ततः काले रक्षणार्थं वसुदेवस्य तत्वतः ॥

tasya garbhasya rakṣāṃ tu sa cakre'bhyadhikaṃ nṛpaḥ | tataḥ kāle rakṣaṇārthaṃ vasudevasya tatvataḥ

The king kept a far closer watch over that pregnancy. Then, when the time came, to guard Vasudeva strictly,

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34. Wikisource prints this verse with a third line (उग्रः प्रयुक्तः …, marked with a stray "a" and a garbled number) and then skips number 24; that line opens verse 24 and has been moved there.

Verse 24 (2.23.24)

उग्रः प्रयुक्तः कंसेन सचिवः क्रूरकर्मकृत् । विमूढेषु प्रभावेन बालस्योत्तीर्य तत्र वै । उपागम्य स घोषे तु जगाम समहाद्युतिः ॥

ugraḥ prayuktaḥ kaṃsena sacivaḥ krūrakarmakṛt | vimūḍheṣu prabhāvena bālasyottīrya tatra vai | upāgamya sa ghoṣe tu jagāma samahādyutiḥ

Kamsa appointed Ugra, a minister of cruel deeds. But when the guards were stupefied by the power of the child, the radiant Vasudeva crossed over there and, reaching the cowherds' settlement, went in.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34. Wikisource skips verse 24 and prints its first line (उग्रः प्रयुक्तः कंसेन सचिवः क्रूरकर्मकृत्, with a stray "a" removed) as a third line of verse 23; the next two lines are restored from the critical edition (Appendix I, No. 6, lines 48–49): Wikisource has lost them.

Verse 25 (2.23.25)

जातमात्रं वासुदेवमथाकृष्य पिता ततः । उपजह्रे परिक्रीतां सुतां गोपस्य कस्यचित् ॥

jātamātraṃ vāsudevamathākṛṣya pitā tataḥ | upajahre parikrītāṃ sutāṃ gopasya kasyacit

As soon as Vasudeva's son was born, his father carried him away and in his place brought the daughter of a cowherd, whom he had obtained in exchange.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34.

Verse 26 (2.23.26)

अमृष्यमाणस्तं शब्दं देवदूतस्य पार्थिवः । वासुदेवं महात्मानमर्पयामास गोकुले ॥

amṛṣyamāṇastaṃ śabdaṃ devadūtasya pārthivaḥ | vāsudevaṃ mahātmānamarpayāmāsa gokule

The king could not bear the divine messenger's words; and so the great-souled son of Vasudeva was entrusted to Gokula.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34. Between this verse's two lines the critical edition's appendix has three more lines (Kamsa kills the substituted girl, who departs laughing and is called Arya, and Vasudeva thus deceives the king), and its first line reads mumukṣamāṇas; Wikisource's numbering shows no gap, so nothing is restored.

Verse 27 (2.23.27)

वासुदेवोऽपि गोपेषु ववृधेऽब्जमिवाम्भसि । अज्ञायमानः कंसेन गूढोऽग्निरिव दारुषु ॥

vāsudevo'pi gopeṣu vavṛdhe'bjamivāmbhasi | ajñāyamānaḥ kaṃsena gūḍho'gniriva dāruṣu

Vasudeva's son grew up among the cowherds like a lotus in water, unknown to Kamsa, like fire hidden in wood.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34. Corrected वासुदेवोपि → वासुदेवोऽपि (misprint in Wikisource; missing avagraha).

Verse 28 (2.23.28)

विप्रचक्रे तदा सर्वान्बल्लवान्मधुरेश्वरः । वर्धमानो महाबाहुस्तेजोबलसमन्वितः ॥

vipracakre tadā sarvānballavānmadhureśvaraḥ | vardhamāno mahābāhustejobalasamanvitaḥ

Then the lord of Mathura began to harass all the cowherds, while the mighty-armed one grew, endowed with energy and strength.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34. Corrected विप्रचके → विप्रचक्रे (misprint in Wikisource; broken conjunct).

Verse 29 (2.23.29)

ततस्ते क्लिश्यमानास्तु पुण्डरीकाक्षमच्युतम् । भयेन कामादपरे गणशः पर्यवारयन् ॥

tataste kliśyamānāstu puṇḍarīkākṣamacyutam | bhayena kāmādapare gaṇaśaḥ paryavārayan

Then the cowherds, thus oppressed, gathered in bands around the lotus-eyed Achyuta, some out of fear, others out of love.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34.

Verse 30 (2.23.30)

स तु लब्ध्वा बलं राजन्नुग्रसेनस्य संमतः । वसुदेवात्मजः सर्वैर्भ्रातृभिः सहितं पुनः ॥

sa tu labdhvā balaṃ rājannugrasenasya saṃmataḥ | vasudevātmajaḥ sarvairbhrātṛbhiḥ sahitaṃ punaḥ

Having gained strength, O king, the son of Vasudeva, with Ugrasena's approval and together with all his brothers,

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34.

Verse 31 (2.23.31)

निर्जित्य युधि भोजेन्द्रं हत्वा कंसं महाबलः । अभ्यषिञ्चत्ततो राज्य उग्रसेनं विशाम्पते ॥

nirjitya yudhi bhojendraṃ hatvā kaṃsaṃ mahābalaḥ | abhyaṣiñcattato rājya ugrasenaṃ viśāmpate

defeated the lord of the Bhojas in battle and, mighty as he was, killed Kamsa; and then, O lord of the people, he consecrated Ugrasena in the kingdom.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34.

Verse 32 (2.23.32)

ततः श्रुत्वा जरासन्धो माधवेन हतं युधि । शूरसेनाधिपं चक्रे कंसपुत्रं तदा नृप ॥

tataḥ śrutvā jarāsandho mādhavena hataṃ yudhi | śūrasenādhipaṃ cakre kaṃsaputraṃ tadā nṛpa

When Jarasandha heard that Kamsa had been killed in battle by Madhava, he made Kamsa's son lord of the Shurasenas, O king.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34.

Verse 33 (2.23.33)

ससैन्यं महदुत्थाप्य वासुदेवं तदा नृप । अभ्यषिञ्चत्सुतं तत्र सुताया जनमेजय ॥

sasainyaṃ mahadutthāpya vāsudevaṃ tadā nṛpa | abhyaṣiñcatsutaṃ tatra sutāyā janamejaya

Raising a great army and marching against Vasudeva's son, O king, he consecrated his daughter's son there, O Janamejaya.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34.

Verse 34 (2.23.34)

उग्रसेनं च वृष्णींश्च महाबलसमन्वितः । स तत्र विप्रकुरुते जरासन्धः प्रतापवान् ॥

ugrasenaṃ ca vṛṣṇīṃśca mahābalasamanvitaḥ | sa tatra viprakurute jarāsandhaḥ pratāpavān

Possessed of great strength, the mighty Jarasandha harassed Ugrasena and the Vrishnis there.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34.

Verse 35 (2.23.35)

एतद्वैरं कौरवेय जरासन्धस्य माधवे । आशासितार्थे राजेन्द्र संरुरोध विनिर्जितान् ॥

etadvairaṃ kauraveya jarāsandhasya mādhave | āśāsitārthe rājendra saṃrurodha vinirjitān

This, O Kauraveya, is the enmity of Jarasandha towards Madhava. And, O king of kings, for the goal he had set his heart on, he held captive the kings he had conquered,

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34.

Verse 36 (2.23.36)

पार्थिवैस्तैर्नृपतिभिर्यक्ष्यमाणः समृद्धिमान् । देवश्रेष्ठं महादेवं कृत्तिवासं त्रियम्बकम् ॥

pārthivaistairnṛpatibhiryakṣyamāṇaḥ samṛddhimān | devaśreṣṭhaṃ mahādevaṃ kṛttivāsaṃ triyambakam

for, rich in power, he meant to offer worship with those kings, those lords of men, to Mahadeva, best of the gods, the three-eyed one clad in a hide.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34.

Verse 37 (2.23.37)

एतत्सर्वं यथावृत्तं कथितं भरतर्षभ । यथा तु स हतो राजा भीमसेनेन तच्छृणु ॥

etatsarvaṃ yathāvṛttaṃ kathitaṃ bharatarṣabha | yathā tu sa hato rājā bhīmasenena tacchṛṇu

All this, just as it happened, has now been told to you, O bull among the Bharatas. Now hear how that king was slain by Bhimasena.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension); the critical edition gives this passage only in Appendix I, No. 6, after 2.20.34.