Faults, Vows and the Way of Silence

Verse 1 (5.45.1)

शोकः क्रोधश्च लोभश्च कामो मानः परासुता । ईर्ष्या मोहो विवित्सा च कृपाऽसूया जुगुप्सुता ॥

śokaḥ krodhaśca lobhaśca kāmo mānaḥ parāsutā | īrṣyā moho vivitsā ca kṛpā'sūyā jugupsutā

Grief, anger, greed, lust, pride, torpor, jealousy, delusion, craving, self-pity, envy and contempt:

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension).

Verse 2 (5.45.2)

द्वादशैते महादोषा मनुष्यप्राणनाशनाः । एकैकमेते राजेन्द्र मनुष्यान्पर्युपासते । यैराविष्टो नरः पापं मूढसंज्ञो व्यवस्यति ॥

dvādaśaite mahādoṣā manuṣyaprāṇanāśanāḥ | ekaikamete rājendra manuṣyānparyupāsate | yairāviṣṭo naraḥ pāpaṃ mūḍhasaṃjño vyavasyati

these twelve are great faults that destroy men's lives. Each of them, O king of kings, lies in wait for men; and a man possessed by them, his judgement clouded, sets his mind on sin.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension). Its second line recurs in the critical edition at 5.43.9. Corrected यौराविष्टो → यैराविष्टो (misprint in Wikisource; the critical edition lacks this verse, so this is the smallest fix that yields the evident word, and sanskritdocuments repeats the misprint).

Verse 3 (5.45.3)

स्पृहयालुरुग्रः परुषो वा वदान्यः । क्रोधं बिभ्रन्मनसा वै विकत्थी । नृशंसधर्माः षडिमे जना वै । प्राप्याप्यर्थं नोत सभाजयन्ते ॥

spṛhayālurugraḥ paruṣo vā vadānyaḥ | krodhaṃ bibhranmanasā vai vikatthī | nṛśaṃsadharmāḥ ṣaḍime janā vai | prāpyāpyarthaṃ nota sabhājayante

The covetous, the fierce, the harsh, the glib talker, one who nurses anger in his mind, and the braggart: these six people are cruel by nature; even when they gain wealth, they show no courtesy to others.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension).

Verse 4 (5.45.4)

संभोगसंविद्विषमोऽतिमानी । दत्त्वा विकत्थी कृपणो दुर्बलश्च । बहुप्रशंसी वनिताद्विट् सदैव । सप्तैवोक्ताः पापशीला नृशंसाः ॥

saṃbhogasaṃvidviṣamo'timānī | dattvā vikatthī kṛpaṇo durbalaśca | bahupraśaṃsī vanitādviṭ sadaiva | saptaivoktāḥ pāpaśīlā nṛśaṃsāḥ

One who is unfair in sharing pleasures and company, the overproud, one who boasts after giving, the miser, the weak, one given to much self-praise, and one who always hates women: these seven are declared cruel and sinful by nature.

Note on the text: Partial match: a variant of the verse given at 5.43 verse 20 above; the critical edition has one form of it at 5.43.11. Corrected बहुप्रशंकसी → बहुप्रशंसी (misprint in Wikisource; the critical edition lacks this verse, so this is the smallest fix that yields the evident word, and sanskritdocuments repeats the misprint).

Verse 5 (5.45.5)

धर्मश्च सत्यं च तपो दमश्च । अमात्सर्यं ह्रीस्तितिक्षानसूया । दानं श्रुतं चैव धृतिः क्षमा च । महाव्रता द्वादश ब्राह्मणस्य ॥

dharmaśca satyaṃ ca tapo damaśca | amātsaryaṃ hrīstitikṣānasūyā | dānaṃ śrutaṃ caiva dhṛtiḥ kṣamā ca | mahāvratā dvādaśa brāhmaṇasya

Dharma, truth, austerity, self-control, freedom from jealousy, modesty, forbearance, freedom from envy, charity, learning, steadfastness and forgiveness: these are the twelve great vows of a brahmin.

Verse 6 (5.45.6)

यो नैतेभ्यः प्रच्यवेद्द्वादशभ्यः । सर्वामपीमां पृथिवीं स शिष्यात् । त्रिभिर्द्वाभ्यामेकतो वार्थितो यो । नास्य स्वमस्तीति च वेदितव्यम् ॥

yo naitebhyaḥ pracyaveddvādaśabhyaḥ | sarvāmapīmāṃ pṛthivīṃ sa śiṣyāt | tribhirdvābhyāmekato vārthito yo | nāsya svamastīti ca veditavyam

He who never falls away from these twelve could govern even this whole earth. And of one who is marked by three of them, or two, or even one, it should be understood that he claims nothing as his own.

Verse 7 (5.45.7)

दमस्त्यागोऽथाप्रमाद इत्येतेष्वमृतं स्थितम् । एतानि ब्रह्ममुख्यानां ब्राह्मणानां मनीषिणाम् ॥

damastyāgo'thāpramāda ityeteṣvamṛtaṃ sthitam | etāni brahmamukhyānāṃ brāhmaṇānāṃ manīṣiṇām

Self-control, renunciation and heedfulness: in these immortality abides. These belong to wise brahmins for whom Brahman is foremost.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension).

Verse 8 (5.45.8)

सद्वाऽसद्वा परीवादे ब्राह्मणस्य न शस्यते । नरकप्रतिष्ठास्ते स्युर्य एवं कुरुते जनाः ॥

sadvā'sadvā parīvāde brāhmaṇasya na śasyate | narakapratiṣṭhāste syurya evaṃ kurute janāḥ

Whether it is true or false, speaking ill of others is not approved for a brahmin. People who do so will have hell as their dwelling.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension).

Verse 9 (5.45.9)

मदोऽष्टादशदोषः स स्यात्पुरा योऽप्रकीर्तितः । लोकद्वेष्यं प्रतिकूल्यमभ्यसूया मृषावचः ॥

mado'ṣṭādaśadoṣaḥ sa syātpurā yo'prakīrtitaḥ | lokadveṣyaṃ pratikūlyamabhyasūyā mṛṣāvacaḥ

Pride has eighteen faults, which were not declared before: being hated by the world, contrariness, fault-finding, false speech,

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension).

Verse 10 (5.45.10)

कामक्रोधौ पारतन्त्र्यं परिवादोऽथ पैशुनम् । अर्थहानिर्विवादश्च मात्सर्यं प्राणिपीडनम् ॥

kāmakrodhau pāratantryaṃ parivādo'tha paiśunam | arthahānirvivādaśca mātsaryaṃ prāṇipīḍanam

lust and anger, dependence on others, speaking ill of others, tale-bearing, loss of wealth, quarrelling, jealousy, tormenting living beings,

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension).

Verse 11 (5.45.11)

ईर्ष्या मोदोऽतिवादश्च संज्ञानाशोऽभ्यसूयिता । तस्मात्प्राज्ञो न माद्येत सदा ह्येतद्विगर्हितम् ॥

īrṣyā modo'tivādaśca saṃjñānāśo'bhyasūyitā | tasmātprājño na mādyeta sadā hyetadvigarhitam

envy, wanton elation, excess of speech, loss of judgement and the habit of finding fault. Therefore a wise man should not become intoxicated with pride, for this is always condemned.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension).

Verse 12 (5.45.12)

सौहृदे वै षङ्गुणा वेदितव्यः । प्रिये हृष्यन्त्यप्रिये च व्यथन्ते । स्यादात्मनः सुचिरं याचते यो । ददात्ययाच्यमपि देयं खलु स्यात् । इष्टान्पुत्रान्विभवान्स्वांश्च दारा- । नभ्यर्थितश्चार्हति शुद्धभावः ॥

sauhṛde vai ṣaṅguṇā veditavyaḥ | priye hṛṣyantyapriye ca vyathante | syādātmanaḥ suciraṃ yācate yo | dadātyayācyamapi deyaṃ khalu syāt | iṣṭānputrānvibhavānsvāṃśca dārā- | nabhyarthitaścārhati śuddhabhāvaḥ

Friendship should be known by six marks: friends rejoice in what is pleasant to each other and grieve at what is painful; when one asks for something the other has long held as his own, he gives it, giving even what ought not to be asked for, since it surely should be given; and when asked, the pure-hearted friend puts at the other's disposal even his beloved sons, his riches and his wife.

Note on the text: Restored from sanskritdocuments (its verse 45.12): the Wikisource base keeps only the last quarter-line of this verse (नभ्यर्थितश्चार्हति शुद्धभावः ॥), which is not a complete word or sentence. Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension).

Verse 13 (5.45.13)

त्यक्तद्रव्यः संवसेन्नेह कामा- । द्भुङ्क्ते कर्मस्वाशिषं बाधते च ॥

tyaktadravyaḥ saṃvasenneha kāmā- | dbhuṅkte karmasvāśiṣaṃ bādhate ca

Having given up his possessions, he may live among others, but he enjoys nothing here out of desire, and in his actions he holds back the wish for reward.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension). Corrected भिङ्क्ते → भुङ्क्ते (misprint in Wikisource; the critical edition lacks this verse, so this is the smallest fix that yields the evident word, and sanskritdocuments repeats the misprint).

Verse 14 (5.45.14)

द्रव्यवान्गुणवानेवं त्यागी भवति सात्त्विकः । पञ्चभूतानि पञ्चभ्यो निवर्तयति तादृशः ॥

dravyavānguṇavānevaṃ tyāgī bhavati sāttvikaḥ | pañcabhūtāni pañcabhyo nivartayati tādṛśaḥ

Thus a man of wealth and virtue becomes a renouncer of pure, sattvic nature. Such a man turns the five elements back from the five senses.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension). Corrected सात्विकः → सात्त्विकः (misprint in Wikisource, a dropped त्; the critical edition lacks this verse, and sanskritdocuments repeats the misprint).

Verse 15 (5.45.15)

एतत्समृद्धमप्यृद्धं तपो भवति केवलम् । सत्त्वात्प्रच्यवमानानां सङ्कल्पेन समाहितम् ॥

etatsamṛddhamapyṛddhaṃ tapo bhavati kevalam | sattvātpracyavamānānāṃ saṅkalpena samāhitam

Such austerity becomes prosperous, abundant and pure. For those who fall away from purity of being, austerity rests on mere intention.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension). Its first line recurs in the critical edition at 5.43.22. Corrected सत्वात् → सत्त्वात् (misprint in Wikisource, a dropped त्; the critical edition lacks this verse, and sanskritdocuments repeats the misprint).

Verse 16 (5.45.16)

यतो यज्ञः प्रवर्धन्ते सत्यस्यैवावरोधनात् । मनसान्यस्य भवति वाच्यन्यस्याथ कर्मणा ॥

yato yajñaḥ pravardhante satyasyaivāvarodhanāt | manasānyasya bhavati vācyanyasyātha karmaṇā

From this, sacrifices multiply, because the truth is held back. For one man sacrifice is in the mind, for another in speech, and for another in action.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension). Corrected मत्यस्य → सत्यस्य (misprint in Wikisource; the critical edition's parallel line at 5.43.27 reads सत्यस्यैव, and sanskritdocuments repeats the misprint).

Verse 17 (5.45.17)

सङ्कल्पसिद्धं पुरुषमसङ्कल्पोऽधितिष्ठति । ब्राह्मणस्य विशेषेण किञ्चान्यदपि मे शृणु ॥

saṅkalpasiddhaṃ puruṣamasaṅkalpo'dhitiṣṭhati | brāhmaṇasya viśeṣeṇa kiñcānyadapi me śṛṇu

Freedom from intention governs the man who is perfected in intention. Now hear from me something more, especially concerning the brahmin.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension). Corrected श्रृणु → शृणु (Wikisource typo; sanskritdocuments reads शृणु and the critical edition lacks this verse).

Verse 18 (5.45.18)

अध्यापयेन्महदेतद्यशस्यं । वाचो विकाराः कवयो वदन्ति । अस्मिन्योगे सर्वमिदं प्रतिष्ठितं । ये तद्विदुरमृतास्ते भवन्ति ॥

adhyāpayenmahadetadyaśasyaṃ | vāco vikārāḥ kavayo vadanti | asminyoge sarvamidaṃ pratiṣṭhitaṃ | ye tadviduramṛtāste bhavanti

One should teach this great and glorious knowledge; the seers call all else mere changes of speech. On this yoga all this is established; those who know it become immortal.

Note on the text: Corrected विकराः → विकाराः (misprint in Wikisource; the critical edition reads विकारान् in this line, and sanskritdocuments repeats the misprint).

Verse 19 (5.45.19)

न कर्मणा सुकृतेनैव राजन् । सत्यं जयेज्जुहुयाद्वा यजेद्वा । नैतेन बालोऽमृत्युमभ्येति राजन् । रतिं चासौ न लभत्यन्तकाले ॥

na karmaṇā sukṛtenaiva rājan | satyaṃ jayejjuhuyādvā yajedvā | naitena bālo'mṛtyumabhyeti rājan | ratiṃ cāsau na labhatyantakāle

Not by good deeds alone, O king, does one win the Truth, nor by offering oblations or performing sacrifice. By these the fool does not reach deathlessness, O king, nor does he find peace at the end.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension). Corrected वालो → बालो (misprint in Wikisource; वाल, 'hair', makes no sense here and बाल, 'fool', is the evident word; the critical edition lacks this verse, and sanskritdocuments repeats the misprint).

Verse 20 (5.45.20)

तूष्णीमेक उपासीत चेष्टेत मनसापि न । तथा संस्तुतिनिन्दाभ्यां प्रीतिरोषौ विवर्जयेत् ॥

tūṣṇīmeka upāsīta ceṣṭeta manasāpi na | tathā saṃstutinindābhyāṃ prītiroṣau vivarjayet

Let him meditate silently and alone, not stirring even in his mind; and in the same way let him give up pleasure at praise and anger at blame.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition (found in the vulgate recension). Its first line is close to the critical edition's 5.43.34. Corrected तृष्णीमेक → तूष्णीमेक (misprint in Wikisource; the critical edition lacks this verse, so this is the smallest fix that yields the evident word, and sanskritdocuments repeats the misprint).

Verse 21 (5.45.21)

अत्रैव तिष्ठन्क्षत्रिय ब्रह्माविशति पश्यति । वेदेषु चानुपूर्व्येण एतद्विद्वन्ब्रवीमि ते ॥

atraiva tiṣṭhankṣatriya brahmāviśati paśyati | vedeṣu cānupūrvyeṇa etadvidvanbravīmi te

Abiding in this very state, O Kshatriya, a man enters into Brahman and beholds it, as the Vedas teach in due order. This, O wise one, I tell you.

Note on the text: Partial match: the second line agrees closely with the critical edition's 5.43.37; the first line differs.