The Diagnosis of Alcoholism and Related Disorders (Madatyaya)

Verse 1 (garuda.1.155.1)

धन्वन्तरिरुवाच । वक्ष्ये मदात्ययादेश्च निदानं मुनिभाषितम् । तीक्ष्णाम्लरूक्षसूक्ष्माम्लव्यवायासुकरं लघु

dhanvantariruvāca vakṣye madātyayādeśca nidānaṁ munibhāṣitam tīkṣṇāmlarūkṣasūkṣmāmlavyavāyāsukaraṁ laghu

Dhanvantari said: I shall declare the diagnosis of Madatyaya, the disease of alcoholic excess, and related conditions, as spoken by the sages. Liquor is sharp, sour, dry, subtle, penetrating, quick-acting, and light —

Verse 2 (garuda.1.155.2)

विकाशि विशदं मद्यं मेदसोऽस्माद्विपर्ययः । तीक्ष्णोदयाश्च दिव्युक्ताश्चित्तोपप्लविनो गुणाः

vikāśi viśadaṁ madyaṁ medaso'smādviparyayaḥ tīkṣṇodayāśca divyuktāścittopaplavino guṇāḥ

It is expansive and clarifying; it is opposite in nature to bodily fat. Its sharp qualities, at first appearing pleasurable and exalting, go on to disturb the mind —

Verse 3 (garuda.1.155.3)

जीवितान्ताः प्रजायन्ते विषेणोत्कर्षवर्तिना । तीक्ष्णादिभिर्गुणैर्मद्यं मान्द्यदीनोजसो गुणान्

jīvitāntāḥ prajāyante viṣeṇotkarṣavartinā tīkṣṇādibhirguṇairmadyaṁ māndyadīnojaso guṇān

and, in excess, they can even become fatal like poison. Through its sharp and other qualities, liquor diminishes the qualities of vital vigor —

Verse 4 (garuda.1.155.4)

दशभिर्गुणैः संक्षोम्यं चेतो नयति चाक्रियम् । आद्ये मदे द्वितीयेऽपि प्रम (मो) दायतने स्थितः

daśabhirguṇaiḥ saṁkṣomyaṁ ceto nayati cākriyam ādye made dvitīye'pi prama (mo) dāyatane sthitaḥ

and, through its ten characteristic qualities, agitates the mind and renders it inactive. In the first stage of intoxication, and continuing into the second, one remains lodged in a state of delight —

Verse 5 (garuda.1.155.5)

दुर्विकल्पहतो मूढः सुखमित्यभिमुच्यते । मध्यमोत्तमयोः सन्धिं प्राप्य राजासनो मदः

durvikalpahato mūḍhaḥ sukhamityabhimucyate madhyamottamayoḥ sandhiṁ prāpya rājāsano madaḥ

confused by faulty judgment, deluded, he mistakenly believes himself happy. Reaching the junction between the middle and highest stages, intoxication seats itself as if upon a throne —

Verse 6 (garuda.1.155.6)

निरङ्कुश इव व्यालो न किञ्चिन्नाचरेत्ततः । इयं भूमिरवाच्यानां दौः शीलस्येदमास्पदम्

niraṅkuśa iva vyālo na kiñcinnācarettataḥ iyaṁ bhūmiravācyānāṁ dauḥ śīlasyedamāspadam

and, like an unrestrained serpent, he refrains from nothing. This is the ground of every unspeakable act; this is the very seat of ill conduct —

Verse 7 (garuda.1.155.7)

एकोऽयं बहुमार्गायाः दुर्गर्(म) तेर्दर्शकः परम् । निश्चेष्टः सन्नवाक्शेते तृतीयेऽत्र मदे स्थितः

eko'yaṁ bahumārgāyāḥ durgar(ma) terdarśakaḥ param niśceṣṭaḥ sannavākśete tṛtīye'tra made sthitaḥ

this alone is the supreme guide to the many paths of ruin. In this third stage of intoxication, one lies motionless and speechless —

Verse 8 (garuda.1.155.8)

मरणादपि पापात्मा गतः पापतरां दशाम् । धर्माधर्मं सुखं दुः खं मानानर्थं हिताहितम्

maraṇādapi pāpātmā gataḥ pāpatarāṁ daśām dharmādharmaṁ sukhaṁ duḥ khaṁ mānānarthaṁ hitāhitam

the sinful soul has reached a state even more wretched than death. He knows neither dharma nor adharma, pleasure nor pain, honor nor disgrace, the beneficial nor the harmful —

Verse 9 (garuda.1.155.9)

न वेद शीकमोहार्तं शोष (क) मोहादिसंयुतः । सोन्मादभ्रममूर्छायां सापस्मारः पतत्यधः

na veda śīkamohārtaṁ śoṣa (ka) mohādisaṁyutaḥ sonmādabhramamūrchāyāṁ sāpasmāraḥ patatyadhaḥ

afflicted by grief and delusion, joined with wasting and confusion, he falls into madness, giddiness, fainting, and epileptic-like collapse.

Verse 10 (garuda.1.155.10)

नाति माद्यन्ति बलिनः कृताहारा महाशनाः । वातात्पित्तात्कफात्सर्वैर्भवेद्रोगो मदात्ययः

nāti mādyanti balinaḥ kṛtāhārā mahāśanāḥ vātātpittātkaphātsarvairbhavedrogo madātyayaḥ

The strong, who eat properly and eat abundantly, do not become excessively intoxicated. The disease Madatyaya arises from Vata, from Pitta, from Kapha, or from all three together.

Verse 11 (garuda.1.155.11)

सामान्यलक्षणं तेषां प्रमोहो हृदयव्यथा । विभेदं प्रसभं तृष्णा सौम्यो ग्लानिर्ज्वरोऽरुचिः

sāmānyalakṣaṇaṁ teṣāṁ pramoho hṛdayavyathā vibhedaṁ prasabhaṁ tṛṣṇā saumyo glānirjvaro'ruciḥ

Their common signs are confusion, pain in the heart, forceful diarrhea, thirst, apathy, exhaustion, fever, and loss of appetite —

Verse 12 (garuda.1.155.12)

पुरोविबन्धस्तिमिरं कासः श्वासः प्रजागरः । स्वेदोऽतिमात्रं विष्टम्भः श्वयथुश्चित्तविभ्रमः

purovibandhastimiraṁ kāsaḥ śvāsaḥ prajāgaraḥ svedo'timātraṁ viṣṭambhaḥ śvayathuścittavibhramaḥ

obstruction in the chest, dimness of vision, cough, breathlessness, sleeplessness, excessive sweating, constipation, swelling, and mental derangement —

Verse 13 (garuda.1.155.13)

स्वप्नेनेवाभिभवति न चोक्तश्च स भाषतेः । पित्ताद्दाहज्वरः स्वेदो मोहो नित्यं च विभ्रमः

svapnenevābhibhavati na coktaśca sa bhāṣateḥ pittāddāhajvaraḥ svedo moho nityaṁ ca vibhramaḥ

he becomes overcome as if by sleep, and, though addressed, does not respond. From Pitta come burning, fever, sweating, confusion, and constant giddiness —

Verse 14 (garuda.1.155.14)

श्लेष्मणश्छर्दिर्हृल्लासो निद्रा चोदरगौरवम् । सर्वजे सर्वलिङ्गत्वं ज्ञात्वा मद्यं पिबेत्तु यः

śleṣmaṇaśchardirhṛllāso nidrā codaragauravam sarvaje sarvaliṅgatvaṁ jñātvā madyaṁ pibettu yaḥ

from Kapha come vomiting, nausea, drowsiness, and heaviness of the abdomen. In the type caused by all three together, all these signs occur at once. One who drinks liquor knowing this —

Verse 15 (garuda.1.155.15)

सहसा रुचिरं चान्यतरध्वंसकशोषिणौ । भवेतां?मारुतात्कष्टाद्भवेत्त स्य विशेषतः

sahasā ruciraṁ cānyataradhvaṁsakaśoṣiṇau bhavetāṁ?mārutātkaṣṭādbhavetta sya viśeṣataḥ

and drinks something pleasant too suddenly, may face one of these two Dhvamsaka, wasting, conditions; this occurs especially from painful, aggravated Vata —

Verse 16 (garuda.1.155.16)

ध्वंसकश्लेष्मनिष्ठिवाः कण्ठशोषोऽतिनिद्रता । शब्दासहत्वं तच्चित्तविक्षेपोऽङ्गे हि वातरुक्

dhvaṁsakaśleṣmaniṣṭhivāḥ kaṇṭhaśoṣo'tinidratā śabdāsahatvaṁ taccittavikṣepo'ṅge hi vātaruk

in the Vata-type Dhvamsaka there occur expectoration of phlegm, dryness of the throat, excessive drowsiness, intolerance of sound, mental disturbance, and pain in the limbs from Vata —

Verse 17 (garuda.1.155.17)

हृत्कण्ठरोगः संमोहः श्वासतृष्णावमिज्वराः । निवर्तेद्यस्तु मद्येभ्यो जितात्मा बुद्धिपूर्वकृत्

hṛtkaṇṭharogaḥ saṁmohaḥ śvāsatṛṣṇāvamijvarāḥ nivartedyastu madyebhyo jitātmā buddhipūrvakṛt

disease of the heart and throat, confusion, breathlessness, thirst, vomiting, and fever occur. But whoever, self-controlled and acting with deliberate wisdom, refrains from liquor —

Verse 18 (garuda.1.155.18)

विकारैः क्लिश्यते जातु न स शरीरमानसः । रजोमोहहिताहारपास्य स्युस्त्रयो गदाः

vikāraiḥ kliśyate jātu na sa śarīramānasaḥ rajomohahitāhārapāsya syustrayo gadāḥ

is never afflicted by these bodily and mental disorders. From the influence of passion, delusion, and improper combination of food and drink, three diseases arise —

Verse 19 (garuda.1.155.19)

वसासृक्क्लेदनावाहिस्रोतोरोधः सुद्भवाः । मदमूर्छापसंन्यासा यथोत्तरबलोद्भवाः

vasāsṛkkledanāvāhisrotorodhaḥ sudbhavāḥ madamūrchāpasaṁnyāsā yathottarabalodbhavāḥ

arising from obstruction of the channels that carry fat, blood, and moisture — Mada, Murchha, and Apasannyasa, each successive one arising with greater force than the last.

Verse 20 (garuda.1.155.20)

मदोऽत्र दोषैः सर्वैस्तु रक्तमद्यविषैरपि । शक्त्यानन्त्याद्गताभासश्चलश्छलितवेष्टितः

mado'tra doṣaiḥ sarvaistu raktamadyaviṣairapi śaktyānantyādgatābhāsaścalaśchalitaveṣṭitaḥ

Here, Mada, the first stage, is caused by all the humors, and also by excess of blood, liquor, and poison; from its potency, the patient appears bewildered, unsteady, and enfeebled —

Verse 21 (garuda.1.155.21)

रूक्षश्यामारुणतनुर्मद्ये वातोद्भवे भवेत् । पित्तेन क्रोधनो रक्तपीताभः कलहप्रियः

rūkṣaśyāmāruṇatanurmadye vātodbhave bhavet pittena krodhano raktapītābhaḥ kalahapriyaḥ

with a rough, dark-reddish body — this is the Vata-caused intoxication. From Pitta, he becomes irascible, reddish-yellow in hue, and fond of quarreling —

Verse 22 (garuda.1.155.22)

स्वप्नेऽसम्बद्धवाक्यादिः कफाद्ध्यानपरो हि सः । सर्वोत्थसन्निपातेन रक्तस्तम्भाङ्गदूषणम्

svapne'sambaddhavākyādiḥ kaphāddhyānaparo hi saḥ sarvotthasannipātena raktastambhāṅgadūṣaṇam

in sleep he speaks incoherently; from Kapha he becomes excessively absorbed in brooding. In the sannipata type from all three humors, there is stasis of blood and derangement of the limbs —

Verse 23 (garuda.1.155.23)

पित्तलिङ्गत्वमाद्येन विकृतेहा स्वराज्ञता । विसत्कम्पोतिनिद्रा च सर्वेभ्योऽभ्यधिकं श्रमः

pittaliṅgatvamādyena vikṛtehā svarājñatā visatkampotinidrā ca sarvebhyo'bhyadhikaṁ śramaḥ

at first the signs of Pitta predominate, along with distorted behavior and willfulness; there is confused trembling and excessive drowsiness, and greater exhaustion than in all the other single-humor types.

Verse 24 (garuda.1.155.24)

लक्षयेल्लक्षणोत्कर्षाद्वातादीञ्छोणितादिषु । अरुणं नीलकृष्णं वा सम्प्रविश्यन्विशेत्तमः

lakṣayellakṣaṇotkarṣādvātādīñchoṇitādiṣu aruṇaṁ nīlakṛṣṇaṁ vā sampraviśyanviśettamaḥ

One should identify the type by the predominance of signs among Vata and the rest, and among blood and the other elements. In the Vata type, he sees a red, blue, or black sky before entering darkness —

Verse 25 (garuda.1.155.25)

शीघ्रं च प्रतिबुध्येत हृत्पीडा वेपथुर्भ्रमः । कासः श्यावारुणा च्छाया मूर्छायां मारुतात्मकः

śīghraṁ ca pratibudhyeta hṛtpīḍā vepathurbhramaḥ kāsaḥ śyāvāruṇā cchāyā mūrchāyāṁ mārutātmakaḥ

but he quickly regains consciousness; there is pain in the heart, trembling, giddiness, cough, and a dark-reddish complexion — this is Vata-type fainting.

Verse 26 (garuda.1.155.26)

पित्तेन रक्तं पीतं वा नभः पश्यन्विशेत्तमः । विबुध्येत च सस्वेदो दाहतृष्णोपपीडितः

pittena raktaṁ pītaṁ vā nabhaḥ paśyanviśettamaḥ vibudhyeta ca sasvedo dāhatṛṣṇopapīḍitaḥ

From Pitta, he sees the sky as red or yellow before entering darkness; he regains consciousness sweating, afflicted with burning and thirst —

Verse 27 (garuda.1.155.27)

भिन्नवत्पीतनीलाभो रक्तनीलाकुलेक्षणः । कफेन मेघसंकाशं पश्यत्याकाशमाविशेत्

bhinnavatpītanīlābho raktanīlākulekṣaṇaḥ kaphena meghasaṁkāśaṁ paśyatyākāśamāviśet

with a complexion as if fractured, yellowish-blue, his eyes confused with red and blue. From Kapha, he sees the sky resembling clouds before entering darkness —

Verse 28 (garuda.1.155.28)

तमश्चिराच्च बुध्ये हृदुरः सुप्रसेकवान् । गुरुभिस्तिमितै (रै) रङ्गे राजधर्मावबन्धान् (वत्)

tamaścirācca budhye hṛduraḥ suprasekavān gurubhistimitai (rai) raṅge rājadharmāvabandhān (vat)

and regains consciousness from darkness only after a long time, his heart and chest full of secretions; his limbs feel heavy and numb, as if bound in fetters —

Verse 29 (garuda.1.155.29)

सर्वाकृतिस्त्रिभिर्देषैरपस्मार इवापरः । पातयत्याशु निश्चेष्टं विना बीभत्सचेष्टितैः

sarvākṛtistribhirdeṣairapasmāra ivāparaḥ pātayatyāśu niśceṣṭaṁ vinā bībhatsaceṣṭitaiḥ

the tridoshic form, resembling another kind of epileptic fit, quickly casts the sufferer down motionless, without the usual repulsive convulsive movements.

Verse 30 (garuda.1.155.30)

दोषैस्तु मदमूर्छायां कृतवेगेषु देहिनाम् । स्वयमेवोपशाम्यन्ति संन्यासेनौषधैर्निवा

doṣaistu madamūrchāyāṁ kṛtavegeṣu dehinām svayamevopaśāmyanti saṁnyāsenauṣadhairnivā

When the force of the humors, in this state of intoxication or fainting, has run its course in these persons, it subsides by itself, or progresses into Sannyasa, deep unconsciousness, or is calmed by medicines.

Verse 31 (garuda.1.155.31)

वाग्देहमनसां चेष्टामाक्षिप्यातिबलाबलाः । ससन्यासं निपतिताः प्राणाघातनसंश्रयाः

vāgdehamanasāṁ ceṣṭāmākṣipyātibalābalāḥ sasanyāsaṁ nipatitāḥ prāṇāghātanasaṁśrayāḥ

Seizing the functions of speech, body, and mind, whether the person is very strong or very weak, they cast him into Sannyasa, bordering upon the destruction of life —

Verse 32 (garuda.1.155.32)

भवन्ति तेन पुरुषाः काष्ठभूता मृतोपमाः । म्रियेत शीघ्रं शीघ्रं चेच्चिकित्सा न प्रयुज्यते

bhavanti tena puruṣāḥ kāṣṭhabhūtā mṛtopamāḥ mriyeta śīghraṁ śīghraṁ ceccikitsā na prayujyate

and in this state the person becomes like a piece of wood, resembling one dead. If treatment is not applied quickly, he will die very swiftly.

Verse 33 (garuda.1.155.33)

अगाधे ग्राहबहुले सलिलौघ इवार्णवे । संन्यासे विनिमज्जन्तं नरमाशु निवर्तयेत्

agādhe grāhabahule salilaugha ivārṇave saṁnyāse vinimajjantaṁ naramāśu nivartayet

As one drowning in a bottomless, crocodile-infested sea must be rescued swiftly, so must the man sinking into Sannyasa be brought back at once.

Verse 34 (garuda.1.155.34)

मदमानरोषतोष प्रवृत्तिभिरितस्ततः । युक्तायुक्तं च समं युक्तिं युङ्क्ते न मद्येन

madamānaroṣatoṣa pravṛttibhiritastataḥ yuktāyuktaṁ ca samaṁ yuktiṁ yuṅkte na madyena

Driven here and there by impulses of intoxication, arrogance, anger, and satisfaction, a person under the influence of liquor cannot apply even, balanced judgment as to what is fitting or unfitting —

Verse 35 (garuda.1.155.35)

बलकासदेशपात्रं प्रकृतिसहतामथवा वयांसि? । प्रविभज्ज्यात्तनुरूपं पिबति ततः पिबत्यमृत

balakāsadeśapātraṁ prakṛtisahatāmathavā vayāṁsi? pravibhajjyāttanurūpaṁ pibati tataḥ pibatyamṛta

but one who, considering strength, season, place, vessel, his own constitutional tolerance, and age, drinks in proportion to his body, drinks, in effect, nectar.