Yajnavalkya's Teaching on Mixed Castes and the Householder's Daily Rule

Verse 1 (garuda.1.96.1)

याज्ञवल्क्य उवाच । वक्ष्ये सङ्करजात्यादिगृहस्थादि विधिं परम् । विप्रान्मूर्धावषिक्तो हि क्षात्त्रियायां विशः स्त्रियाम्

yājñavalkya uvāca vakṣye saṅkarajātyādigṛhasthādi vidhiṁ param viprānmūrdhāvaṣikto hi kṣāttriyāyāṁ viśaḥ striyām

Yajnavalkya said: I shall now tell the supreme rule concerning mixed castes and the duties of the householder. From a brahmin on a kshatriya woman is born the Murdhavasikta; on a vaishya woman —

Verse 2 (garuda.1.96.2)

जातोऽम्बष्ठस्तु शूद्रायां निषादः पर्वतोऽपि वा । माहिष्यः क्षत्त्रियाज्जातो वैश्यायां म्लेच्छसंज्ञितः

jāto'mbaṣṭhastu śūdrāyāṁ niṣādaḥ parvato'pi vā māhiṣyaḥ kṣattriyājjāto vaiśyāyāṁ mlecchasaṁjñitaḥ

the Ambashtha is born; on a shudra woman, the Nishada or Parashava is born. From a kshatriya on a vaishya woman, the Mahishya is born; the one born on a shudra woman is called Mlechchha.

Verse 3 (garuda.1.96.3)

शूद्रायां करणो वैश्याद्विन्नास्वेष विधिः स्मृतः । ब्राह्मण्यां क्षत्त्रियात्सूतो वैश्याद्वैदेहकस्तथा

śūdrāyāṁ karaṇo vaiśyādvinnāsveṣa vidhiḥ smṛtaḥ brāhmaṇyāṁ kṣattriyātsūto vaiśyādvaidehakastathā

From a vaishya on a shudra woman, the Karana is born; the same rule is remembered for reversed unions too — from a kshatriya on a brahmin woman, the Suta; and from a vaishya, the Vaidehaka,

Verse 4 (garuda.1.96.4)

शूद्राज्जातस्तु चांडालः सर्ववर्णविगर्हितः । क्षत्त्रिया मागधं वैश्याच्छूद्रा क्षेत्रावमेव च

śūdrājjātastu cāṁḍālaḥ sarvavarṇavigarhitaḥ kṣattriyā māgadhaṁ vaiśyācchūdrā kṣetrāvameva ca

from a shudra, the Chandala, condemned by all varnas. From a vaishya on a kshatriya woman, the Magadha; and from a shudra on a vaishya woman, the Kshatta is born.

Verse 5 (garuda.1.96.5)

शूद्रादयोगवं वैश्या जनयामास वै सुतम् । माहिष्येण करण्यां तु रथकारः प्रजायते

śūdrādayogavaṁ vaiśyā janayāmāsa vai sutam māhiṣyeṇa karaṇyāṁ tu rathakāraḥ prajāyate

From a shudra on a vaishya woman, the son called Ayogava is born. From a Mahishya on a Karani woman, the Rathakara is born.

Verse 6 (garuda.1.96.6)

असत्सन्तस्तु वै ज्ञेयाः प्रतिलोमानुलोमजाः । जात्युत्कर्षाद्द्विजो ज्ञेयः सप्तमे पञ्चमेऽपि वा

asatsantastu vai jñeyāḥ pratilomānulomajāḥ jātyutkarṣāddvijo jñeyaḥ saptame pañcame'pi vā

Offspring born from reversed and regular unions should be known respectively as low or good. Through the gradual elevation of status, one attains recognized twice-born status by the fifth or seventh generation.

Verse 7 (garuda.1.96.7)

व्यत्यये कर्मणां साम्यं पूर्ववच्चोत्तरावरम् । कर्म स्मार्त्तं विवाहाग्नौ कुर्वीत प्रत्यहं गृही

vyatyaye karmaṇāṁ sāmyaṁ pūrvavaccottarāvaram karma smārttaṁ vivāhāgnau kurvīta pratyahaṁ gṛhī

In the reversal of occupations, there is an equivalence of duties, higher and lower remaining as before. The householder should daily perform the Smarta rites in the fire kindled at his wedding —

Verse 8 (garuda.1.96.8)

दायकालादृते वापि श्रौतं वैतानिकाग्निषु । शरीरचिन्तां निर्वर्त्त्य कृतशौचविधिर्द्विजः

dāyakālādṛte vāpi śrautaṁ vaitānikāgniṣu śarīracintāṁ nirvarttya kṛtaśaucavidhirdvijaḥ

and the Shrauta rites in the ritual fires, except at the time of receiving inheritance. Having attended to bodily needs, and performed the rules of purification, the twice-born —

Verse 9 (garuda.1.96.9)

प्रातः सन्ध्यामुपासीत दन्तधावनपूर्वकम् । हुत्वाग्नौ सूर्य्यदेवत्याञ्जपेन्मन्त्रान्समाहितः

prātaḥ sandhyāmupāsīta dantadhāvanapūrvakam hutvāgnau sūryyadevatyāñjapenmantrānsamāhitaḥ

should observe the morning twilight rite, preceded by tooth-cleaning; having offered oblation in the fire, he should recite, with concentration, the mantras of the sun-deity.

Verse 10 (garuda.1.96.10)

वेदार्थानधिगच्छेच्च शास्त्राणि विविधानि च । योगक्षोमादिसिद्ध्यर्थमुपेयादीश्वरं गृही

vedārthānadhigacchecca śāstrāṇi vividhāni ca yogakṣomādisiddhyarthamupeyādīśvaraṁ gṛhī

He should also grasp the meanings of the Veda and the various shastras. For the accomplishment of prosperity and its preservation, the householder should approach the king.

Verse 11 (garuda.1.96.11)

स्नात्वा देवान्पितॄंश्चैव तर्पयेदर्चयेत्तथा । वेदानथ पुराणानि सेतिहासानि शक्तितः

snātvā devānpitṝṁścaiva tarpayedarcayettathā vedānatha purāṇāni setihāsāni śaktitaḥ

Having bathed, he should offer tarpana to the gods and ancestors and worship them; and, according to his ability, study the Vedas, the Puranas, and the Itihasas.

Verse 12 (garuda.1.96.12)

जपयज्ञानुसिद्ध्यर्थं विद्यां चाध्यात्मिकीं जपेत् । बलिकर्मस्वधाहोमस्वाध्यायातिथिसक्रियाः

japayajñānusiddhyarthaṁ vidyāṁ cādhyātmikīṁ japet balikarmasvadhāhomasvādhyāyātithisakriyāḥ

For the accomplishment of the japa-sacrifice, he should recite the spiritual knowledge. The rites of bali-offering, svadha-oblation, svadhyaya, and hospitality to guests —

Verse 13 (garuda.1.96.13)

भूतपित्रमरब्रह्ममनुष्याणां महामखाः । देवेभ्यस्तु हुतं चाग्नौ क्षिपेद्भूतबलिं हरेत्

bhūtapitramarabrahmamanuṣyāṇāṁ mahāmakhāḥ devebhyastu hutaṁ cāgnau kṣipedbhūtabaliṁ haret

these are the great sacrifices owed to beings, ancestors, gods, Brahman, and men. He should offer oblation in the fire to the gods, and give the bali-offering to all beings,

Verse 14 (garuda.1.96.14)

अन्नं भूमौश्वचाण्डालवायसेभ्यश्च निः क्षिपेत् । अन्नं पितृमनुष्येभ्यो देयमप्यन्वहं जलम्

annaṁ bhūmauśvacāṇḍālavāyasebhyaśca niḥ kṣipet annaṁ pitṛmanuṣyebhyo deyamapyanvahaṁ jalam

casting food on the ground for dogs, chandalas, and crows. Food should be given to the ancestors and to men, and water should be given daily as well.

Verse 15 (garuda.1.96.15)

स्वाध्यायमन्वहं कुर्य्यान्न पचेच्चान्नमात्मने । बालस्ववासिनीवृद्धगर्भिण्यातुरकन्यकाः

svādhyāyamanvahaṁ kuryyānna paceccānnamātmane bālasvavāsinīvṛddhagarbhiṇyāturakanyakāḥ

He should perform svadhyaya daily, and should not cook food merely for himself. Children, a newly-arrived wife, the elderly, the pregnant, the sick, and unmarried girls —

Verse 16 (garuda.1.96.16)

संभोज्यातिथिभृत्यांश्च दम्पत्योः शेषभोजनम् । प्राणाग्निहोत्रविधिनाश्रीयादन्नमकुत्सयन्

saṁbhojyātithibhṛtyāṁśca dampatyoḥ śeṣabhojanam prāṇāgnihotravidhināśrīyādannamakutsayan

should be fed, along with guests and servants; the couple should eat the remainder. He should partake of food according to the rule of the prana-agnihotra, without disparaging it.

Verse 17 (garuda.1.96.17)

मितं विपाकं च हितं भक्ष्यं बालादिपूर्वकम् । आपोशानेनोपरिष्टादधस्ताच्चैव भुज्यते

mitaṁ vipākaṁ ca hitaṁ bhakṣyaṁ bālādipūrvakam āpośānenopariṣṭādadhastāccaiva bhujyate

Food should be moderate, well-digestible, wholesome, and given first to children and the others. It is eaten preceded and followed by the aposhana sip of water.

Verse 18 (garuda.1.96.18)

अनग्नममृतं चैव कार्य्यमन्नं द्विजन्मना । अतिथिभ्यस्तु वर्णेभ्यो देयं शक्त्याऽनुपूर्वशः

anagnamamṛtaṁ caiva kāryyamannaṁ dvijanmanā atithibhyastu varṇebhyo deyaṁ śaktyā'nupūrvaśaḥ

The twice-born should treat food as if it were fire and nectar. It should be given to guests of all varnas, in due order, according to one's ability.

Verse 19 (garuda.1.96.19)

अप्रणोद्योऽतिथिः सायमपि नात्र विचारणा । सत्कृत्य भिक्षवे भिक्षा दातव्या सुव्रताय च

apraṇodyo'tithiḥ sāyamapi nātra vicāraṇā satkṛtya bhikṣave bhikṣā dātavyā suvratāya ca

A guest should never be turned away, even in the evening — there is no question about this. Alms should be given, with due respect, to a mendicant and to one of good vows.

Verse 20 (garuda.1.96.20)

आगतान् भोजयेत्सर्वान्महोक्षं श्रोत्रियाय च । प्रतिसंवत्सरं त्वर्च्याः स्नातकाचार्य्यपार्थिवाः

āgatān bhojayetsarvānmahokṣaṁ śrotriyāya ca pratisaṁvatsaraṁ tvarcyāḥ snātakācāryyapārthivāḥ

He should feed all who come, and a large bull may be offered in honor of a learned brahmin. Once a year, the graduate, the teacher, and the king are to be honored —

Verse 21 (garuda.1.96.21)

प्रियो विवाह्यश्च तथा यज्ञं प्रत्यृर्त्विजः पुनः । अध्वनीनोऽतिथिः प्रोक्तः श्रोत्रियो वेदपारगः

priyo vivāhyaśca tathā yajñaṁ pratyṛrtvijaḥ punaḥ adhvanīno'tithiḥ proktaḥ śrotriyo vedapāragaḥ

as is a dear friend, one connected by marriage, and, for a sacrifice, the officiating priests. A traveler is called an atithi; a learned brahmin who has mastered the Veda —

Verse 22 (garuda.1.96.22)

मान्यावेतौ गृहस्थस्य ब्रह्मलोकमभीप्सतः । परपाकरुचिर्न स्यादनिन्द्यामन्त्रणादृते

mānyāvetau gṛhasthasya brahmalokamabhīpsataḥ parapākarucirna syādanindyāmantraṇādṛte

these two are to be honored by the householder who desires the world of Brahma. One should not desire food cooked by another, except upon a proper invitation.

Verse 23 (garuda.1.96.23)

वाक्पाणिपादचापल्यं वर्जयच्चातिभोजनम् । श्रोत्रियं वातिथिं तृप्तमासीमान्तादनुव्रजेत्

vākpāṇipādacāpalyaṁ varjayaccātibhojanam śrotriyaṁ vātithiṁ tṛptamāsīmāntādanuvrajet

He should avoid restlessness of speech, hand, and foot, and also overeating. He should escort a satisfied learned guest to the boundary of his property.

Verse 24 (garuda.1.96.24)

अहः शेषं सहासीत शिष्टैरिष्टैश्च बन्धुभिः । उपास्य पश्चिमां सन्ध्यां हुत्वाग्नौ भोजनं ततः

ahaḥ śeṣaṁ sahāsīta śiṣṭairiṣṭaiśca bandhubhiḥ upāsya paścimāṁ sandhyāṁ hutvāgnau bhojanaṁ tataḥ

He should spend the remainder of the day with well-mannered and beloved kinsmen. Having observed the evening twilight rite and offered oblation in the fire, he should then eat —

Verse 25 (garuda.1.96.25)

कुर्य्याद्भृत्यैः समायुक्तैश्चिन्तयेदात्मनो हितम् । ब्राह्मे मुहूर्त्ते चोत्थाय मान्यो विप्रो धनादिभिः

kuryyādbhṛtyaiḥ samāyuktaiścintayedātmano hitam brāhme muhūrtte cotthāya mānyo vipro dhanādibhiḥ

together with his servants, and should reflect on his own welfare. Rising at the Brahma-muhurta, the brahmin, honored through wealth and the like —

Verse 26 (garuda.1.96.26)

वृद्धार्त्तानां समादेयः पन्था वै भारवाहिनाम् । इज्याध्ययनदानानि वैश्यस्य क्षत्त्रियस्य च

vṛddhārttānāṁ samādeyaḥ panthā vai bhāravāhinām ijyādhyayanadānāni vaiśyasya kṣattriyasya ca

should give way on the road to the elderly, the afflicted, and those bearing burdens. Sacrifice, study, and giving are also duties of the vaishya and the kshatriya —

Verse 27 (garuda.1.96.27)

प्रतिग्रहोऽधिको विप्रे याजनाध्यापने तथा । प्रधानं क्षत्त्रिये कर्म प्रजानां परिपालनम्

pratigraho'dhiko vipre yājanādhyāpane tathā pradhānaṁ kṣattriye karma prajānāṁ paripālanam

but receiving gifts, officiating at sacrifices, and teaching are additional duties for the brahmin. The principal duty of the kshatriya is the protection of the people.

Verse 28 (garuda.1.96.28)

कुसीदकृषिवाणिज्यं पाशुपाल्यं विशः स्मृतम् । शूद्रस्य द्विजशुश्रूषा द्विजो यज्ञान्न हापयेत्

kusīdakṛṣivāṇijyaṁ pāśupālyaṁ viśaḥ smṛtam śūdrasya dvijaśuśrūṣā dvijo yajñānna hāpayet

Money-lending, agriculture, trade, and cattle-herding are declared to be the duties of the vaishya; service to the twice-born is the duty of the shudra. The twice-born should not neglect sacrifices.

Verse 29 (garuda.1.96.29)

अहिंसा सत्यमस्तेयं शौचमिन्द्रियसंयमः । दमः क्षमार्जवं दानं सर्वेषां धर्मसाधनम्

ahiṁsā satyamasteyaṁ śaucamindriyasaṁyamaḥ damaḥ kṣamārjavaṁ dānaṁ sarveṣāṁ dharmasādhanam

Non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, purity, control of the senses, self-restraint, forgiveness, honesty, and giving — these are the means of dharma for all.

Verse 30 (garuda.1.96.30)

आचरेत्सदृशीं वृत्तिमजिह्मामशठां तथा । त्रैवार्षिका धिकान्नो यः स सोमं पातुमर्हति

ācaretsadṛśīṁ vṛttimajihmāmaśaṭhāṁ tathā traivārṣikā dhikānno yaḥ sa somaṁ pātumarhati

One should follow a livelihood appropriate to oneself, honest and free of deceit. He who has stored more than three years' worth of food is fit to drink Soma.

Verse 31 (garuda.1.96.31)

स्यादन्नं वार्षिकं यस्य कुर्य्यात्प्राकसौमिकीं क्रियाम् । प्रतिसंवत्सरं सोमः पशुः प्रत्ययनं तथा

syādannaṁ vārṣikaṁ yasya kuryyātprākasaumikīṁ kriyām pratisaṁvatsaraṁ somaḥ paśuḥ pratyayanaṁ tathā

He who has a year's supply of food should perform the rites preceding the Soma sacrifice. Yearly, the Soma sacrifice, the animal sacrifice, and the seasonal rites —

Verse 32 (garuda.1.96.32)

कर्त्तव्याऽऽग्रहणेष्टिश्च चातुर्मास्यानि यत्नतः । एषामसम्भवे कुर्य्यादिष्टिं वैश्वानरीं द्विजः

karttavyā''grahaṇeṣṭiśca cāturmāsyāni yatnataḥ eṣāmasambhave kuryyādiṣṭiṁ vaiśvānarīṁ dvijaḥ

the Agrahayana sacrifice, and the Chaturmasya rites are to be diligently performed. If these are not possible, the twice-born should perform the Vaishvanari sacrifice instead.

Verse 33 (garuda.1.96.33)

हीनकल्पं न कुर्वोत सति द्रव्ये फलप्रदम् । चण्डालो जायते यज्ञकरणाच्छूद्रभिक्षितात

hīnakalpaṁ na kurvota sati dravye phalapradam caṇḍālo jāyate yajñakaraṇācchūdrabhikṣitāta

One should not perform a deficient rite when proper means are available. One becomes a Chandala by performing a sacrifice with wealth begged from a shudra.

Verse 34 (garuda.1.96.34)

यज्ञार्थलब्धं नादद्याद्भासः काकोऽपि वा भवेत् । कुसूतकुम्भीधान्यो वा त्र्याहिकः श्वस्तनोऽपि वा

yajñārthalabdhaṁ nādadyādbhāsaḥ kāko'pi vā bhavet kusūtakumbhīdhānyo vā tryāhikaḥ śvastano'pi vā

One should not take what has been obtained for a sacrifice and use it otherwise, or one becomes a vulture or crow. Grain may be stored in a bin or vessel only for three days, or even just for the next day —

Verse 35 (garuda.1.96.35)

जीवेद्वापि शिलोञ्छेन श्रेयानेषां परः परः । न स्वाध्यायविरोध्यर्थमीहेत न यतस्ततः

jīvedvāpi śiloñchena śreyāneṣāṁ paraḥ paraḥ na svādhyāyavirodhyarthamīheta na yatastataḥ

or one may live by gleaning grains — each subsequent option is more praiseworthy than the one before. One should not seek wealth in a way that conflicts with Vedic study, nor from just any source.

Verse 36 (garuda.1.96.36)

राजान्तेवासियाज्येभ्यः सीदन्निच्छेद्धनं क्षुधा । दम्भहैतुकपाषण्डिबकवृत्तींश्च वर्जयेत्

rājāntevāsiyājyebhyaḥ sīdanniccheddhanaṁ kṣudhā dambhahaitukapāṣaṇḍibakavṛttīṁśca varjayet

If distressed by hunger, one may seek wealth from a king, from one's own students, or from those for whom one officiates. One should avoid the ways of hypocrisy, sophistry, heresy, and false piety.

Verse 37 (garuda.1.96.37)

शुक्लाम्बरधरो नीचकेशश्मश्रुनखः शुचिः । न भार्य्यादर्शनेऽश्रीयान्नैकवासा न संस्थितः

śuklāmbaradharo nīcakeśaśmaśrunakhaḥ śuciḥ na bhāryyādarśane'śrīyānnaikavāsā na saṁsthitaḥ

Wearing white garments, keeping hair, beard, and nails short, pure — he should not eat without his wife present, nor alone, nor standing.

Verse 38 (garuda.1.96.38)

अप्रियं न वदेज्जातु ब्रह्मसूत्री विनीतवान् । देवप्रदक्षिणाङ्कुर्य्याद्यष्टिमान्सकमण्डलुः

apriyaṁ na vadejjātu brahmasūtrī vinītavān devapradakṣiṇāṅkuryyādyaṣṭimānsakamaṇḍaluḥ

Wearing the sacred thread, disciplined, he should never speak unpleasant words. He should perform circumambulation of deities, staff and water-pot in hand.

Verse 39 (garuda.1.96.39)

न तु मेहेन्नदीच्छायाभस्मगोष्टाम्बुवर्त्मसु । न प्रत्यग्न्यर्कगोसोमसन्ध्याम्बुस्त्रीद्विजन्मनाम्

na tu mehennadīcchāyābhasmagoṣṭāmbuvartmasu na pratyagnyarkagosomasandhyāmbustrīdvijanmanām

He should not urinate in a river, in shade, on ashes, in a cow-pen, in water, or on a road. Nor facing fire, the sun, a cow, the moon, the twilight, water, a woman, or a brahmin.

Verse 40 (garuda.1.96.40)

नेक्षेताग्न्यर्कनग्नां स्त्रीं न च संसृष्टमैथुनाम् । न च मूत्रं पुरीषं वा स्वपेत्प्रत्यकूशिरा न च

nekṣetāgnyarkanagnāṁ strīṁ na ca saṁsṛṣṭamaithunām na ca mūtraṁ purīṣaṁ vā svapetpratyakūśirā na ca

He should not look at fire, the sun, or a naked woman, nor at a couple engaged in intercourse. He should not look ahead while relieving himself, nor sleep with his head to the west.

Verse 41 (garuda.1.96.41)

ष्टीवनासृक्शकृन्मूत्रविषाण्यप्सु न संक्षिपेत् । पादौ प्रतापयेन्नाग्नौ न चैनमभिलङ्घयेत्

ṣṭīvanāsṛkśakṛnmūtraviṣāṇyapsu na saṁkṣipet pādau pratāpayennāgnau na cainamabhilaṅghayet

He should not cast spittle, blood, feces, urine, or poison into water. He should not warm his feet at the fire, nor step over it.

Verse 42 (garuda.1.96.42)

पिबेन्नाञ्जलिना तोयं न शयानं प्रबोधयेत् । नाक्षैः क्रीडेच्च कितवैर्व्याधितैश्च न संविशेत्

pibennāñjalinā toyaṁ na śayānaṁ prabodhayet nākṣaiḥ krīḍecca kitavairvyādhitaiśca na saṁviśet

He should not drink water improperly from his cupped palms, nor wake a sleeping person. He should not gamble with dice, nor associate with cheats and the diseased.

Verse 43 (garuda.1.96.43)

विरुद्धं वर्जयेत्कम प्रेतधूमं नदीतटम् । केशभस्मतुषाङ्गारकपालेषु च संस्थितिम्

viruddhaṁ varjayetkama pretadhūmaṁ nadītaṭam keśabhasmatuṣāṅgārakapāleṣu ca saṁsthitim

He should gradually avoid incompatible food, the smoke of a cremation fire, and improper riverbanks; and avoid sitting on hair, ashes, husk, charcoal, or a broken pot.

Verse 44 (garuda.1.96.44)

नाचक्षीत धयन्तीं गां नाद्वारेणाविशेत्क्वचित् । न राज्ञः प्रतिगृह्णायाल्लुब्धस्योच्छास्त्रवर्त्तिनः

nācakṣīta dhayantīṁ gāṁ nādvāreṇāviśetkvacit na rājñaḥ pratigṛhṇāyāllubdhasyocchāstravarttinaḥ

He should not stare at a cow while it suckles its calf, nor enter anywhere except through the door. He should not accept gifts from a greedy king who acts against the scriptures.

Verse 45 (garuda.1.96.45)

अध्यायानामुपाकर्म श्रावण्यां श्रवणेन वा । हस्तेनौषधिभावे वा पञ्चम्यां श्रावणस्य च

adhyāyānāmupākarma śrāvaṇyāṁ śravaṇena vā hastenauṣadhibhāve vā pañcamyāṁ śrāvaṇasya ca

The commencement of Vedic study should be on the full moon of Shravana, or under the Shravana nakshatra; or, when herbs are unavailable, under the Hasta nakshatra, or on the fifth of Shravana —

Verse 46 (garuda.1.96.46)

पौषमासस्य रोहिण्यामष्टकायामथापि वा । जलान्ते छन्दसां कुर्य्यादुत्सर्गं विधिवद्वहिः

pauṣamāsasya rohiṇyāmaṣṭakāyāmathāpi vā jalānte chandasāṁ kuryyādutsargaṁ vidhivadvahiḥ

or under the Rohini nakshatra of the month of Pausha, or on an Ashtaka day. At the end of the study season, one should duly perform the concluding rite of the Vedic hymns outdoors, near water.

Verse 47 (garuda.1.96.47)

अनध्यायस्त्र्यहं प्रेते शिष्यर्त्त्विग्गुरुबन्धुषु । उपाकर्मणि चोत्सर्गे स्वशाखश्रोत्रिये मृते

anadhyāyastryahaṁ prete śiṣyarttviggurubandhuṣu upākarmaṇi cotsarge svaśākhaśrotriye mṛte

Study is suspended for three days upon the death of a pupil, an officiating priest, a teacher, or a relative; and at the commencement and conclusion rites, and upon the death of a learned brahmin of one's own Vedic branch.

Verse 48 (garuda.1.96.48)

सन्ध्यागर्जितनिर्घातभूकम्पोल्कानिपातने । समाप्य वेदं त्वनिशमारण्यकमधीत्य च

sandhyāgarjitanirghātabhūkampolkānipātane samāpya vedaṁ tvaniśamāraṇyakamadhītya ca

Study is suspended at twilight, and during thunder, lightning-strike, earthquake, or a meteor's fall. Having finished the main Veda, one may study the Aranyaka continuously through the night.

Verse 49 (garuda.1.96.49)

पञ्चदश्यां चतुर्दश्यामष्टम्यां राहुसूतके । ऋतुसन्धिषु भुक्त्वा वा श्राद्धिकं प्रतिगृह्य च

pañcadaśyāṁ caturdaśyāmaṣṭamyāṁ rāhusūtake ṛtusandhiṣu bhuktvā vā śrāddhikaṁ pratigṛhya ca

On the fifteenth, fourteenth, and eighth lunar days, during an eclipse, at the junctures of the seasons, after eating, and after accepting shraddha-food —

Verse 50 (garuda.1.96.50)

पशुमण्डूकनकुलश्वाहिमार्जारसूकरैः । कृतेऽन्तरे त्वहोरात्रं शुक्रपाते तथोच्छ्रये

paśumaṇḍūkanakulaśvāhimārjārasūkaraiḥ kṛte'ntare tvahorātraṁ śukrapāte tathocchraye

when an animal, frog, mongoose, dog, snake, cat, or pig has passed between teacher and pupil, study is suspended for a day and night; likewise at the falling of a meteor, or during a flag-raising —

Verse 51 (garuda.1.96.51)

श्वक्रोष्टुगर्दभोलूकसामबाणार्त्तनिः स्वने । अमेध्यशवशूद्रान्त्यश्मशानपतितान्तिके

śvakroṣṭugardabholūkasāmabāṇārttaniḥ svane amedhyaśavaśūdrāntyaśmaśānapatitāntike

at the howling of a dog, jackal, donkey, or owl; at the sound of Sama-chanting or a cry of pain; near something impure, a corpse, a shudra, an outcaste, a cremation ground, or a fallen person —

Verse 52 (garuda.1.96.52)

देशेऽशुचावात्मनि च विद्युत्स्तनितसंप्लवे । भुक्त्वार्द्रपाणिरम्भोऽन्तरर्द्धरात्रेऽतिमारुते

deśe'śucāvātmani ca vidyutstanitasaṁplave bhuktvārdrapāṇirambho'ntararddharātre'timārute

in an impure place, or when oneself is impure; during lightning, thunder, or flood; after eating, with wet hands, at midnight, and during a violent storm —

Verse 53 (garuda.1.96.53)

दिग्दाहे पांशुवर्षेषु सन्ध्यानी हारभीतिषु । धावतः पूतिगन्धे च शिष्टे च गृहमागते

digdāhe pāṁśuvarṣeṣu sandhyānī hārabhītiṣu dhāvataḥ pūtigandhe ca śiṣṭe ca gṛhamāgate

during a conflagration in any direction, during a dust-storm, at the fearful twilight glow; while running, amid a foul smell, and when a respected guest has arrived —

Verse 54 (garuda.1.96.54)

खरोष्ट्रयानहस्त्यश्वनौवृक्षगिरिरोहणे । सप्तत्रिंशदनध्यायानेतांस्तात्कालिकान्विदुः

kharoṣṭrayānahastyaśvanauvṛkṣagirirohaṇe saptatriṁśadanadhyāyānetāṁstātkālikānviduḥ

while riding a donkey, camel, elephant, horse, or boat, or while climbing a tree or a mountain — these thirty-seven temporary suspensions of Vedic study should be known.

Verse 55 (garuda.1.96.55)

वेददिष्टं तथाचार्य्यं राजच्छायां परस्त्रियम् । नाक्रामेद्रक्तविण्मूत्रष्ठीवनोद्वर्त्तनानि च

vedadiṣṭaṁ tathācāryyaṁ rājacchāyāṁ parastriyam nākrāmedraktaviṇmūtraṣṭhīvanodvarttanāni ca

One should not step over what is enjoined by the Veda, likewise one's teacher, the shadow of a king, or another's wife; nor step over blood, feces, urine, spittle, or bathing-unguents.

Verse 56 (garuda.1.96.56)

विप्राहिक्षत्त्रियात्मानो नावज्ञेयाः कदाचन । दूरादुच्छिष्टविण्मूत्रपादाम्भांसि समुत्सृजेत्

viprāhikṣattriyātmāno nāvajñeyāḥ kadācana dūrāducchiṣṭaviṇmūtrapādāmbhāṁsi samutsṛjet

A brahmin, a snake, a kshatriya, and one's own self should never be treated with contempt. Leftover food, feces, urine, and foot-washing water should be discarded at a distance.

Verse 57 (garuda.1.96.57)

श्रुतिस्मृत्युक्तमाचारं कुर्य्यान्मर्मणि न स्पृशेत् । न निन्दाताडने कुर्य्यात्सुतं शिष्यं च ताडयेत्

śrutismṛtyuktamācāraṁ kuryyānmarmaṇi na spṛśet na nindātāḍane kuryyātsutaṁ śiṣyaṁ ca tāḍayet

One should follow the conduct declared in the Shruti and Smriti, and not touch another's vital point. One should not censure or strike without cause, but may discipline a son or pupil when necessary.

Verse 58 (garuda.1.96.58)

आचरेत्सर्वदा धर्मं तद्विरुद्धं तु नाचरेत् । मातापित्रतिथीभ्याढ्यैर्विवादं नाचरेद्गृही

ācaretsarvadā dharmaṁ tadviruddhaṁ tu nācaret mātāpitratithībhyāḍhyairvivādaṁ nācaredgṛhī

One should always practice dharma, and never act contrary to it. The householder should not engage in dispute with his mother, father, or honored guests.

Verse 59 (garuda.1.96.59)

पञ्च पिण्डाननुद्धृत्य न स्नायात्परवारिषु । स्नायान्नदीप्रस्रवणदेवखातह्रदेषु च

pañca piṇḍānanuddhṛtya na snāyātparavāriṣu snāyānnadīprasravaṇadevakhātahradeṣu ca

One should not bathe in another's water without first removing the five floating impurities. One should bathe in rivers, springs, sacred pools, and lakes.

Verse 60 (garuda.1.96.60)

वर्जयेत्परशय्यादि न चाश्रीयादनापदि । कदर्य्यबद्धचो (वै) राणां तथा चानम्निकस्य च

varjayetparaśayyādi na cāśrīyādanāpadi kadaryyabaddhaco (vai) rāṇāṁ tathā cānamnikasya ca

He should avoid another's bed and the like, and should not eat, except in adversity, the food of a miser, one bound in feud, or one who does not maintain the sacred fire.

Verse 61 (garuda.1.96.61)

वैणाभिशस्तवार्द्धुष्यगणिकागणदीक्षिणाम् । चिकित्सकातुरक्रुद्धक्लीबरङ्गोपजीविनाम्

vaiṇābhiśastavārddhuṣyagaṇikāgaṇadīkṣiṇām cikitsakāturakruddhaklībaraṅgopajīvinām

nor the food of a musician, one accused of crime, a usurer, a courtesan, one initiated for a group rite, a physician, one who is ill or angry, a eunuch, or an actor —

Verse 62 (garuda.1.96.62)

क्रूरोग्रपतितव्रात्यदाम्भिकोच्छिष्टभोजिनाम् । शास्त्रविक्रयिणश्चैव स्त्रीजितग्रामयाजिनाम्

krūrograpatitavrātyadāmbhikocchiṣṭabhojinām śāstravikrayiṇaścaiva strījitagrāmayājinām

nor of the cruel, the fierce, the fallen, the outcaste-by-neglect, the hypocrite, one who eats another's leftovers, one who sells scripture for money, one dominated by a woman, or a priest who officiates for an entire village —

Verse 63 (garuda.1.96.63)

नृशंसराजरजककृतघ्नवधजीविनाम् । पिशुनानृतिनोश्चैव सोमविक्रयिणस्तथा

nṛśaṁsarājarajakakṛtaghnavadhajīvinām piśunānṛtinoścaiva somavikrayiṇastathā

nor of the cruel, an unrighteous king, a washerman, an ingrate, one who lives by killing, the slanderer, the liar, and one who sells Soma —

Verse 64 (garuda.1.96.64)

वन्दिनां स्वर्णकाराणामन्नमेषां कदाचन । न भोक्तव्यं वृथा मांसं केशकीटसमन्वितम्

vandināṁ svarṇakārāṇāmannameṣāṁ kadācana na bhoktavyaṁ vṛthā māṁsaṁ keśakīṭasamanvitam

nor of panegyrists and goldsmiths — the food of these should never be eaten. Meat obtained without proper rite, or food containing hair or insects,

Verse 65 (garuda.1.96.65)

भक्तं पर्य्युषितोच्छिष्टं श्वस्पृष्टं पतितो (ते) क्षितम् । उदक्यास्पृष्टसंघुष्टमपर्य्याप्तं च वर्जयेत्

bhaktaṁ paryyuṣitocchiṣṭaṁ śvaspṛṣṭaṁ patito (te) kṣitam udakyāspṛṣṭasaṁghuṣṭamaparyyāptaṁ ca varjayet

stale food, leftovers, food touched by a dog, seen by a fallen person, touched by a menstruating woman, shouted over, or insufficient — these should be avoided.

Verse 66 (garuda.1.96.66)

गोघ्रातं शकुनोच्छिष्टं पादस्पृष्ट च कामतः । शूद्रेषु दासगोपालकुलमित्रार्द्धसीरिणः

goghrātaṁ śakunocchiṣṭaṁ pādaspṛṣṭa ca kāmataḥ śūdreṣu dāsagopālakulamitrārddhasīriṇaḥ

food sniffed by a cow, a bird's leftovers, or deliberately touched by the foot should be avoided. Among shudras, one may accept food from a household servant, a cowherd, a family friend, or one who shares half the produce of ploughing —

Verse 67 (garuda.1.96.67)

भोज्यान्नो नापितश्चैव यश्चात्मानं निवेदयेत् । अन्नं पर्य्युषितं भोज्यं स्नेहाक्तं चिरसंभृ (स्थि) तम्

bhojyānno nāpitaścaiva yaścātmānaṁ nivedayet annaṁ paryyuṣitaṁ bhojyaṁ snehāktaṁ cirasaṁbhṛ (sthi) tam

and the barber's, and that of one who openly presents himself as a servant. Stale food may be eaten if it is treated with ghee, or has been long preserved —

Verse 68 (garuda.1.96.68)

अस्नेहा अपि गोधूमयवगोरसविक्रियाः । औष्ट्रमैकशफं स्त्रीणां पयश्च परिवर्जयेत्

asnehā api godhūmayavagorasavikriyāḥ auṣṭramaikaśaphaṁ strīṇāṁ payaśca parivarjayet

and, even without ghee, preparations made from wheat, barley, and dairy. Camel's milk, the milk of one-hoofed animals, and human milk are forbidden.

Verse 69 (garuda.1.96.69)

क्रव्यादपक्षिदात्यूहशुकमांसानि वर्जयेत् । सारसैकशफान्हंसान्बलाकबकटिट्टिभान्

kravyādapakṣidātyūhaśukamāṁsāni varjayet sārasaikaśaphānhaṁsānbalākabakaṭiṭṭibhān

The flesh of carnivorous birds, the Chataka, and the parrot should be avoided; the Sarasa crane, one-hoofed animals, geese, herons, storks, and the Titibha —

Verse 70 (garuda.1.96.70)

वृथा कृसरसंयाव पायसापूपशष्कुलीः । कुररं जालपादं च खञ्जरीटमृगद्विजान्

vṛthā kṛsarasaṁyāva pāyasāpūpaśaṣkulīḥ kuraraṁ jālapādaṁ ca khañjarīṭamṛgadvijān

krisara, samyava, payasa, cakes, and shashkuli sweets made without a proper offering; the osprey, web-footed birds, the wagtail, and certain deer and birds —

Verse 71 (garuda.1.96.71)

चाषान्मत्स्यात्रक्तपादञ्चग्द्ध्वा वै कामतो नरः । बन्धुरं कामतो जग्द्ध्वा सोप वासस्त्र्यहं भवेत्

cāṣānmatsyātraktapādañcagddhvā vai kāmato naraḥ bandhuraṁ kāmato jagddhvā sopa vāsastryahaṁ bhavet

the blue jay, and red-footed fish — a man who deliberately eats these incurs sin. One who deliberately eats the Bandhura bird should observe a three-day fast.

Verse 72 (garuda.1.96.72)

पलाण्डुलशुनादीनि जग्द्ध्वा चान्द्रायणं चरेत् । श्राद्धे देवान्पितॄन्प्रार्च्य खादन्मांसं न दोषभाक्

palāṇḍulaśunādīni jagddhvā cāndrāyaṇaṁ caret śrāddhe devānpitṝnprārcya khādanmāṁsaṁ na doṣabhāk

Having eaten onion, garlic, and the like, one should perform the Chandrayana penance. But at a shraddha, one who eats meat, having duly worshipped the gods and ancestors, incurs no fault.

Verse 73 (garuda.1.96.73)

वसेत्स नरके घोर दिनानि पशुरोमतः । सम्मितानि दुराचारो यो हन्त्यविधिना पशून् । मांसं सन्त्यज्य संप्रार्थ्य कामान्याति ततो हरिम्

vasetsa narake ghora dināni paśuromataḥ sammitāni durācāro yo hantyavidhinā paśūn māṁsaṁ santyajya saṁprārthya kāmānyāti tato harim

The ill-conducted man who kills animals without proper rite dwells in a terrible hell for as many days as there are hairs on that animal's body. Having renounced meat and rightly sought his desires, one thereafter attains Hari.