What May Be Eaten and Given: Manu's Teaching

Verse 1 (12.35.1)

किं भक्ष्यं चाप्यभक्ष्यं च किंच देयं प्रशस्यते । किंच पात्रमपात्रं वा तन्मे ब्रूहि पितामह ॥

kiṃ bhakṣyaṃ cāpyabhakṣyaṃ ca kiṃca deyaṃ praśasyate | kiṃca pātramapātraṃ vā tanme brūhi pitāmaha

What may be eaten, and what may not? What kind of gift is held praiseworthy? And who is a fit recipient, and who is not? Tell me this, grandfather.

Verse 2 (12.35.2)

अत्राप्युदाहरन्तीममितिहासं पुरातनम् । सिद्धानां चैव संवादं मनोश्चैव प्रजापतेः ॥

atrāpyudāharantīmamitihāsaṃ purātanam | siddhānāṃ caiva saṃvādaṃ manoścaiva prajāpateḥ

On this they tell an ancient account: a conversation between the Siddhas and Manu, the Lord of creatures.

Verse 3 (12.35.3)

ऋषयस्तु व्रतपराः समागम्य पुरा विभुम् । धर्मं पप्रच्छुरासीनमादिकाले प्रजापतिम् ॥

ṛṣayastu vrataparāḥ samāgamya purā vibhum | dharmaṃ papracchurāsīnamādikāle prajāpatim

Long ago, in the first age, sages steadfast in their vows gathered before the mighty Prajapati as he sat, and asked him about dharma.

Note on the text: Wikisource has ऋषयस्तु व्रतपराः for the CE's siddhās tapovrataparāḥ (recension variant, kept).

Verse 4 (12.35.4)

कथमन्नं कथं दानं गम्यागम्याः कथं स्त्रियः । कार्याकार्यं च यत्सर्वं शंस वै त्वं प्रजापते ॥

kathamannaṃ kathaṃ dānaṃ gamyāgamyāḥ kathaṃ striyaḥ | kāryākāryaṃ ca yatsarvaṃ śaṃsa vai tvaṃ prajāpate

"How should food be, and how giving? Which women may be approached and which not? Tell us, O Prajapati, all that is to be done and not to be done."

Note on the text: Corrected कथमन्त्रं → कथमन्नं (misprint in Wikisource; not a word here; CE katham annaṃ and the page's own commentary read अन्न, 'food'). The sages' question fills the whole verse, so it is given to the Sages (the page prints no heading; the heading above it is Vyasa's, carried over). Wikisource's second half-line differs from the CE's (CE katham adhyayanaṃ tapaḥ; the page's commentary notes the variant).

Verse 5 (12.35.5)

तैरेवमुक्तो भगवान्मनुः स्वायंभुवोऽब्रवीत् । शुश्रूषध्वं यथावृत्तं धर्मं व्याससमासतः ॥

tairevamukto bhagavānmanuḥ svāyaṃbhuvo'bravīt | śuśrūṣadhvaṃ yathāvṛttaṃ dharmaṃ vyāsasamāsataḥ

Thus addressed by them, the blessed Manu Svayambhuva replied: "Listen to dharma as it truly stands, both in brief and in full."

Note on the text: Line 1 is narration (Vyasa's); line 2 is Manu's opening words, so the verse stays with the narrator.

Verse 6 (12.35.6)

अनादेशे जपो होम उपवासस्तथैव च । आत्मज्ञानं पुण्यनद्यो यत्र प्रायश्च तत्पराः ॥

anādeśe japo homa upavāsastathaiva ca | ātmajñānaṃ puṇyanadyo yatra prāyaśca tatparāḥ

Where no particular atonement is laid down: muttered prayer, offering into the fire, fasting, knowledge of the Self, holy rivers, and places where people are chiefly given to these —

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition's constituted text (found in the vulgate recension); the CE records this and the next three verses as its star passage 12.37.6d*0050 (lines 01–08), of which this verse is lines 01–02 (CE anādeśe japo homa upavāsas tathaiva ca / ātmajñānaṃ puṇyanadyo yatra prāyaś ca tatparāḥ). From here to verse 49 the speaker is Manu: the page prints no heading after Vyasa's (verse 2) and the speech fills whole verses.

Verse 7 (12.35.7)

अनादिष्टं तथैतानि पुण्यानि धरणीभृतः । सुवर्णप्राशनमपि रत्नादिस्नानमेव च ॥

anādiṣṭaṃ tathaitāni puṇyāni dharaṇībhṛtaḥ | suvarṇaprāśanamapi ratnādisnānameva ca

— where nothing is prescribed, these are holy, as are the mountains, the swallowing of gold, and bathing among jewels and the like;

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition's constituted text (found in the vulgate recension); CE star passage 12.37.6d*0050 lines 03–04.

Verse 8 (12.35.8)

देवस्थानाभिगमनमाज्यप्राशनमेव च । एतानि मेध्यं पुरुषं कुर्वन्त्याशु न संशयः ॥

devasthānābhigamanamājyaprāśanameva ca | etāni medhyaṃ puruṣaṃ kurvantyāśu na saṃśayaḥ

visiting the shrines of the gods and sipping ghee as well. These make a man pure, and quickly; there is no doubt of it.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition's constituted text (found in the vulgate recension); CE star passage 12.37.6d*0050 lines 05–06.

Verse 9 (12.35.9)

न गर्वेण भवेत्प्राज्ञः कदाचिदपि मानवः । दीर्घमायुरथेच्छन्हि त्रिरात्रं चोष्णपो भवेत् ॥

na garveṇa bhavetprājñaḥ kadācidapi mānavaḥ | dīrghamāyurathecchanhi trirātraṃ coṣṇapo bhavet

A wise man must never be proud. And if he wishes for long life, let him drink only hot water for three nights.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition's constituted text (found in the vulgate recension); CE star passage 12.37.6d*0050 lines 07–08.

Verse 10 (12.35.10)

अदत्तस्यानुपादानं दानमध्ययनं तपः । अहिंसा सत्यमक्रोधं क्षमा धर्मस्य लक्षणम् ॥

adattasyānupādānaṃ dānamadhyayanaṃ tapaḥ | ahiṃsā satyamakrodhaṃ kṣamā dharmasya lakṣaṇam

Not taking what has not been given, giving, study, austerity, non-violence, truth, freedom from anger and forgiveness: these are the marks of dharma.

Verse 11 (12.35.11)

स एव धर्मः सोऽधर्मो देशकाले प्रतिष्ठितः । आदानमनृतं हिंसा धर्मो ह्यात्यन्तिकः स्मृतः ॥

sa eva dharmaḥ so'dharmo deśakāle pratiṣṭhitaḥ | ādānamanṛtaṃ hiṃsā dharmo hyātyantikaḥ smṛtaḥ

The very thing that is dharma becomes adharma, according to place and time. Taking what is another's, falsehood and violence are held to be dharma in the extreme case.

Verse 12 (12.35.12)

द्विविधौ चाप्युभावेतौ धर्माधर्मौ विजानताम् । अप्रवृत्तिः प्रवृत्तिश्च द्वैविध्यं लोकवेदयोः ॥

dvividhau cāpyubhāvetau dharmādharmau vijānatām | apravṛttiḥ pravṛttiśca dvaividhyaṃ lokavedayoḥ

Dharma and adharma are each twofold for those who understand: abstention and action. This twofold division holds in the world and in the Veda alike.

Verse 13 (12.35.13)

अप्रवृत्तेरमर्त्यत्वं मर्त्यत्वं कर्मणः फलम् । अशुभस्याशुभं विद्याच्छुभस्य शुभमेव च । एतयोश्चोभयोः स्यातां शुभाशुभतया तथा ॥

apravṛtteramartyatvaṃ martyatvaṃ karmaṇaḥ phalam | aśubhasyāśubhaṃ vidyācchubhasya śubhameva ca | etayoścobhayoḥ syātāṃ śubhāśubhatayā tathā

From abstention comes immortality; from action comes mortality, the fruit of deeds. Know that what is inauspicious yields the inauspicious, and what is auspicious yields the auspicious. And in both of these there may be, in the same way, the good and the bad.

Note on the text: Three-line verse: lines 1–2 are CE 12.37.10a, 10c; line 3 is CE 12.37.11a (the alignment found no match for CE 12.37.10–12).

Verse 14 (12.35.14)

दैवं च दैवसंयुक्तं प्राणश्च प्रलयस्तथा । अप्रेक्षापूर्वकरणादशुभानां शुभं फलम् ॥

daivaṃ ca daivasaṃyuktaṃ prāṇaśca pralayastathā | aprekṣāpūrvakaraṇādaśubhānāṃ śubhaṃ phalam

Fate and what is bound up with fate, the breath of life and dissolution: through acts done without forethought, even the inauspicious may have an auspicious result.

Note on the text: Line 1 = CE 12.37.11c; line 2 = CE 12.37.12a.

Verse 15 (12.35.15)

ऊर्ध्वं भवति संदेहादिहादिष्टार्थमेव च । अप्रेक्षापूर्वकरणात्प्रायश्चित्तं विधीयते ॥

ūrdhvaṃ bhavati saṃdehādihādiṣṭārthameva ca | aprekṣāpūrvakaraṇātprāyaścittaṃ vidhīyate

A higher result may arise from doubt, and here too for a purpose already laid down; and for an act done without forethought, atonement is ordained.

Note on the text: Line 1 = CE 12.37.12c; line 2 = CE 12.37.12e.

Verse 16 (12.35.16)

क्रोधमोहकृते चैव दृष्टान्तागमहेतुभिः । शरीराणामुपक्लेशो मनसश्च प्रियाप्रिये । तदौषधैश्च मन्त्रैश्च प्रायश्चित्तैश्च शाम्यति ॥

krodhamohakṛte caiva dṛṣṭāntāgamahetubhiḥ | śarīrāṇāmupakleśo manasaśca priyāpriye | tadauṣadhaiśca mantraiśca prāyaścittaiśca śāmyati

For what is done in anger or delusion, as shown by examples, scripture and reasoning, the afflictions of the body and the pleasures and pains of the mind are calmed by medicines, by mantras and by atonements.

Note on the text: Three-line verse: lines 1, 2, 3 are CE 12.37.13a, 13c, 13e.

Verse 17 (12.35.17)

उपवासेनैकरात्रं दण्डोत्सर्गे नराधिपः । विशुद्ध्येदात्मशुद्ध्यर्थं त्रिरात्रं तु पुरोहितः ॥

upavāsenaikarātraṃ daṇḍotsarge narādhipaḥ | viśuddhyedātmaśuddhyarthaṃ trirātraṃ tu purohitaḥ

A king, on passing a sentence of punishment, is cleansed by a fast of one night; the household priest, to purify himself, by a fast of three nights.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition's constituted text (found in the vulgate recension); CE star passage 12.37.13f*0051 lines 01–02 (upavāsam ekarātraṃ daṇḍotsarge narādhipaḥ / viśudhyed ātmaśuddhyarthaṃ trirātraṃ tu purohitaḥ).

Verse 18 (12.35.18)

क्षयं शोकं प्रकुर्वाणो न म्रियेत यदा नरः । शस्त्रादिभिरुपाविष्टस्त्रिरात्रं तत्र निर्दिशेत् ॥

kṣayaṃ śokaṃ prakurvāṇo na mriyeta yadā naraḥ | śastrādibhirupāviṣṭastrirātraṃ tatra nirdiśet

When a man mourning a loss has sat down with weapons and the like, and yet does not die, three nights of fasting should be prescribed in that case.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition's constituted text (found in the vulgate recension); CE star passage 12.37.13f*0051 lines 03–04 (CE śastrādibhir upāviṣṭās; Wikisource has -ṣṭas).

Verse 19 (12.35.19)

जातिश्रेण्यधिवासानां कुलधर्मांश्च शाश्वतान् । वर्जयन्ति च ये धर्मं तेषां धर्मो न विद्यते ॥

jātiśreṇyadhivāsānāṃ kuladharmāṃśca śāśvatān | varjayanti ca ye dharmaṃ teṣāṃ dharmo na vidyate

For those who abandon the customs of caste, of guild and of homeland, and the eternal duties of the family, there is no dharma.

Verse 20 (12.35.20)

दश वा वेदशास्त्रज्ञास्त्रयो वा धर्मपाठकाः । यद्ब्रूयुः कार्य उत्पन्ने स धर्मो धर्मसंशये ॥

daśa vā vedaśāstrajñāstrayo vā dharmapāṭhakāḥ | yadbrūyuḥ kārya utpanne sa dharmo dharmasaṃśaye

Ten who know the Veda and the treatises, or three who expound the law: whatever they declare when a matter has arisen, that is dharma, where dharma is in doubt.

Verse 21 (12.35.21)

अनुष्णा मृत्तिका चैव तथा क्षुद्रपिपीलिकाः । श्लेष्मातकस्तथा विप्रैरभक्ष्यं विषमेव च ॥

anuṣṇā mṛttikā caiva tathā kṣudrapipīlikāḥ | śleṣmātakastathā viprairabhakṣyaṃ viṣameva ca

Cold clay, tiny ants, the shleshmataka fruit, and poison: these are not to be eaten by brahmins.

Note on the text: Wikisource has अनुष्णा (not hot) where the CE has aruṇā (red); recension variant, kept.

Verse 22 (12.35.22)

अभक्ष्या ब्राह्मणैर्मत्स्याः शकलैर्ये विवर्जिताः । चतुष्पात्कच्छपादन्यो मण्डूका जलजाश्च ये ॥

abhakṣyā brāhmaṇairmatsyāḥ śakalairye vivarjitāḥ | catuṣpātkacchapādanyo maṇḍūkā jalajāśca ye

Brahmins must not eat fish that lack scales, nor any four-footed creature other than the tortoise, nor frogs, nor anything else born in water.

Verse 23 (12.35.23)

भासा हंसाः सुपर्णाश्च चक्रवाकाः प्लवा बकाः । काको मद्रुश्च गृध्रश्च श्येनोलूकस्तथैव च ॥

bhāsā haṃsāḥ suparṇāśca cakravākāḥ plavā bakāḥ | kāko madruśca gṛdhraśca śyenolūkastathaiva ca

The bhasa, swans, suparnas, ruddy geese, plavas and herons, the crow, the madgu, vultures, hawks and owls too.

Verse 24 (12.35.24)

क्रव्यादा दंष्ट्रिणः सर्वे चतुष्पात्पक्षिणश्च ये । येषां चोभयतो दन्ताश्चतुर्दंष्ट्राश्च सर्वशः ॥

kravyādā daṃṣṭriṇaḥ sarve catuṣpātpakṣiṇaśca ye | yeṣāṃ cobhayato dantāścaturdaṃṣṭrāśca sarvaśaḥ

All flesh-eaters and tusked beasts, four-footed creatures and birds, those that have teeth in both jaws, and all that have four tusks.

Verse 25 (12.35.25)

एडकाश्च मृगोष्ट्राणां सूकराणां गवामपि । मानुषीणां खरीणां च न पिबेद्ब्राह्मणः पयः ॥

eḍakāśca mṛgoṣṭrāṇāṃ sūkarāṇāṃ gavāmapi | mānuṣīṇāṃ kharīṇāṃ ca na pibedbrāhmaṇaḥ payaḥ

A brahmin must not drink the milk of the ewe, the deer, the camel, the sow, the cow as well, a woman, or the she-ass.

Note on the text: Wikisource's गवामपि ('of cows too') stands where the CE has sūtikānāṃ gavām api (of cows that have just calved); recension variant, kept. Line 2 ends like CE 20c (mānuṣīṇāṃ ... na pibed brāhmaṇaḥ payaḥ).

Verse 26 (12.35.26)

प्रेतान्नं सूतकान्नं च यच्च किंचिदनिर्दशम् । अभोज्यं चाप्यपेयं च धेनोर्दुग्धमनिर्दशम् ॥

pretānnaṃ sūtakānnaṃ ca yacca kiṃcidanirdaśam | abhojyaṃ cāpyapeyaṃ ca dhenordugdhamanirdaśam

Food from a funeral, food from a house in birth-impurity, and anything not yet ten days old is unfit to be eaten or drunk; so is the milk of a cow within ten days of calving.

Verse 27 (12.35.27)

राजान्नं तेज आदत्ते शूद्रान्नं ब्रह्मवर्चसम् । आयुः सुवर्णकारान्नमवीरायाश्च योषितः ॥

rājānnaṃ teja ādatte śūdrānnaṃ brahmavarcasam | āyuḥ suvarṇakārānnamavīrāyāśca yoṣitaḥ

A king's food takes away vigour; a shudra's food, the radiance of Brahman; a goldsmith's food, life; and so does the food of a woman who has neither husband nor son.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition's constituted text (found in the vulgate recension); CE star passage 12.37.21d*0052 lines 01–02.

Verse 28 (12.35.28)

विष्ठा वार्धुषिकस्यान्नं गणिकान्नमथेन्द्रियम् । मृष्यन्ति ये चोपपतिं स्त्रीजितान्नं च सर्वशः ॥

viṣṭhā vārdhuṣikasyānnaṃ gaṇikānnamathendriyam | mṛṣyanti ye copapatiṃ strījitānnaṃ ca sarvaśaḥ

A usurer's food is filth; a courtesan's food is semen; so is the food of those who tolerate a wife's paramour, and the food of a man ruled by his wives, in every case.

Note on the text: Not in the critical edition's constituted text (found in the vulgate recension); CE star passage 12.37.21d*0052 lines 03–04 (CE ends strījitānāṃ ca sarvaśaḥ; Wikisource has स्त्रीजितान्नं).

Verse 29 (12.35.29)

दीक्षितस्य कदर्यस्य क्रतुविक्रयिकस्य च । तक्ष्णश्चर्मावकर्तुश्च पुंश्चल्या रजकस्य च ॥

dīkṣitasya kadaryasya kratuvikrayikasya ca | takṣṇaścarmāvakartuśca puṃścalyā rajakasya ca

The food of one consecrated for a sacrifice, of a miser, of one who sells sacrifices, of a carpenter, a worker in leather, an unchaste woman, a washerman,

Note on the text: Line 1 is the CE star line 12.37.21d*0052_05 (dīkṣitasya kadaryasya kratuvikrayikasya ca), not in the CE's constituted text (found in the vulgate recension). Line 2 = CE 12.37.22a (CE takṣṇaś carmāvakartuś ca puṃś calyā rajakasya ca).

Verse 30 (12.35.30)

चिकित्सकस्य यच्चान्नमभोज्यं रक्षिणस्तथा । गणग्रामाभिशस्तानां रङ्गस्त्रीजीविनां तथा ॥

cikitsakasya yaccānnamabhojyaṃ rakṣiṇastathā | gaṇagrāmābhiśastānāṃ raṅgastrījīvināṃ tathā

and of a physician: whatever is their food is not to be eaten. So too the food of a guard, of those put under a ban by a community or village, and of those who live off women of the stage.

Note on the text: Line 1 = CE 12.37.22c; line 2 = CE 23a (CE raṅgastrījīvinaś ca ye; Wikisource has -जीविनां तथा).

Verse 31 (12.35.31)

परिवित्तीनामपुंसां च बन्दिद्यूतविदां तथा । वामहस्ताहृतं चान्नं शुष्कं पर्युषितं च यत् ॥

parivittīnāmapuṃsāṃ ca bandidyūtavidāṃ tathā | vāmahastāhṛtaṃ cānnaṃ śuṣkaṃ paryuṣitaṃ ca yat

Also the food of a man who has married before his elder brother, of eunuchs, of bards and of dice-players; food brought with the left hand, and food that is dry or stale.

Note on the text: Line 1 = CE 12.37.23c; line 2 = CE 24a (CE vāryamāṇāhṛtaṃ cānnaṃ śuktaṃ paryuṣitaṃ ca yat; Wikisource has वामहस्ताहृतं ... शुष्कं).

Verse 32 (12.35.32)

सुरानुगतमुच्छिष्टमभोज्यं शेषितं च यत् । पिष्टमांसेक्षुशाकानामाविकाजापयस्तथा । सक्तु धाना करम्भाश्च नोपभोग्याश्चिरस्थिताः ॥

surānugatamucchiṣṭamabhojyaṃ śeṣitaṃ ca yat | piṣṭamāṃsekṣuśākānāmāvikājāpayastathā | saktu dhānā karambhāśca nopabhogyāścirasthitāḥ

What follows after liquor, leftovers, and food that has been kept back: preparations of flour, meat, sugarcane and greens, and milk of ewes and goats likewise; barley meal, parched grain and curd-mixtures, when long kept, are not to be eaten.

Note on the text: Three-line verse: line 1 = CE 12.37.24c; lines 2–3 = CE 25a, 25c (Wikisource's wording differs, e.g. CE vikārāḥ payasas tathā).

Verse 33 (12.35.33)

पायसं कृसरं मांसमपूपाश्च वृथा कृताः । अपेयाश्चाप्यभक्ष्याश्च ब्राह्मणैर्गृहमेधिभिः ॥

pāyasaṃ kṛsaraṃ māṃsamapūpāśca vṛthā kṛtāḥ | apeyāścāpyabhakṣyāśca brāhmaṇairgṛhamedhibhiḥ

Rice-milk pudding, sesame-rice, meat and cakes made to no purpose are neither to be drunk nor eaten by householder brahmins.

Verse 34 (12.35.34)

देवानृषीन्मनुष्यांश्च पितॄन्गृह्याश्च देवताः । पूजयित्वा ततः पश्चाद्गृहस्थो भोक्तुमर्हति ॥

devānṛṣīnmanuṣyāṃśca pitṝngṛhyāśca devatāḥ | pūjayitvā tataḥ paścādgṛhastho bhoktumarhati

Only after he has honoured the gods, the sages, men, the ancestors and the household deities is a householder entitled to eat.

Verse 35 (12.35.35)

यथा प्रव्रजितो भिक्षुस्तथैव स्वे गृहे वसेत् । एवंवृत्तः प्रियैर्दारैः संवसन्धर्ममाप्नुयात् ॥

yathā pravrajito bhikṣustathaiva sve gṛhe vaset | evaṃvṛttaḥ priyairdāraiḥ saṃvasandharmamāpnuyāt

As a wandering mendicant lives, so should he live in his own house. Living so with his beloved wife, he attains dharma.

Note on the text: Corrected संबसन् → संवसन् (misprint in Wikisource; ba for va; CE saṃvasan).

Verse 36 (12.35.36)

न दद्याद्यशसे दानं न भयान्नोपकारिणे । न नृत्यगीतशीलेषु हासकेषु च धार्मिकः ॥

na dadyādyaśase dānaṃ na bhayānnopakāriṇe | na nṛtyagītaśīleṣu hāsakeṣu ca dhārmikaḥ

A righteous man should not give a gift for fame, nor out of fear, nor to one who has done him a service, nor to dancers, singers and jesters.

Verse 37 (12.35.37)

न मत्ते चैव नोन्मत्ते न स्तेने न च कुत्सके । न वाग्घीने विवर्णे वा नाङ्गहीने न वामने ॥

na matte caiva nonmatte na stene na ca kutsake | na vāgghīne vivarṇe vā nāṅgahīne na vāmane

Not to the drunk or the mad, not to a thief or a slanderer; not to one who cannot speak, one who is discoloured, one who lacks a limb, nor to a dwarf.

Verse 38 (12.35.38)

न दुर्जने दौष्कुले वा व्रतैर्यो वा न संस्कृतः । न श्रोत्रियमृते दानं ब्राह्मणे ब्रह्मवर्जिते ॥

na durjane dauṣkule vā vratairyo vā na saṃskṛtaḥ | na śrotriyamṛte dānaṃ brāhmaṇe brahmavarjite

Not to a wicked man or one of bad family, nor to one not refined by vows. Except to a learned shrotriya, no gift is to be made to a brahmin who lacks the Veda.

Verse 39 (12.35.39)

असम्यक्चैव यद्दत्तमसम्यक् च प्रतिग्रहः । उभयं स्यादनर्थाय दातुरादातुरेव च ॥

asamyakcaiva yaddattamasamyak ca pratigrahaḥ | ubhayaṃ syādanarthāya dāturādātureva ca

What is given wrongly, and what is received wrongly: both lead to harm, for the giver and the receiver alike.

Note on the text: Corrected असम्यच्कैव → असम्यक्चैव (misprint in Wikisource; garbled sandhi; CE asamyak caiva).

Verse 40 (12.35.40)

यथा खदिरमालम्ब्य शिलां वाप्यर्णवं तरन् । मञ्जेत मञ्जतस्तद्वद्दाता यश्च प्रतिग्रही ॥

yathā khadiramālambya śilāṃ vāpyarṇavaṃ taran | mañjeta mañjatastadvaddātā yaśca pratigrahī

As a man crossing the sea who clings to a khadira log, or to a stone, would sink, so the giver and the receiver sink together.

Verse 41 (12.35.41)

काष्ठैरार्द्रैर्यथा वह्निरुपस्तीर्णो न दीप्यते । तपःस्वाध्यायचारित्रैरेवं हीनः प्रतिग्रही ॥

kāṣṭhairārdrairyathā vahnirupastīrṇo na dīpyate | tapaḥsvādhyāyacāritrairevaṃ hīnaḥ pratigrahī

As a fire spread with wet wood does not blaze, so is the receiver who lacks austerity, Vedic study and good conduct.

Verse 42 (12.35.42)

कपाले यद्वदापः स्युः श्वदृतौ च यथा पयः । आश्रयस्थानदोषेण वृत्तहीने तथा श्रुतम् ॥

kapāle yadvadāpaḥ syuḥ śvadṛtau ca yathā payaḥ | āśrayasthānadoṣeṇa vṛttahīne tathā śrutam

As water in a skull-bowl, or milk in a sack of dog-skin, is spoilt by the fault of the vessel, so is learning in a man without conduct.

Verse 43 (12.35.43)

निर्मन्त्रो निर्व्रतो यः स्यादशास्त्रज्ञोऽनसूयकः । अनुक्रोशात्प्रदातव्यं हीनेष्वव्रतिकेषु च ॥

nirmantro nirvrato yaḥ syādaśāstrajño'nasūyakaḥ | anukrośātpradātavyaṃ hīneṣvavratikeṣu ca

One who is without mantras, without vows and without knowledge of the treatises, yet is free of spite: out of compassion something may be given to such lowly men, even those without vows.

Note on the text: Corrected निर्वृतो → निर्व्रतो (misprint in Wikisource; ऋ for ्र; CE nirvrato, 'without vows', as the next line's अव्रतिकेषु confirms).

Verse 44 (12.35.44)

न वै देयमनुक्रोशाद्दीनायापगुणाय तु । आप्ताचरित इत्येव धर्म इत्येव वा पुनः ॥

na vai deyamanukrośāddīnāyāpaguṇāya tu | āptācarita ityeva dharma ityeva vā punaḥ

But nothing should be given out of pity to a wretch of bad character, merely on the ground that the trustworthy have done so, or that it is dharma.

Verse 45 (12.35.45)

निष्कारणं स्मृतं दत्तं ब्राह्मणे ब्रह्मवर्जिते । न फलेत्पात्रदोषेण न चात्रास्ति विचारणा ॥

niṣkāraṇaṃ smṛtaṃ dattaṃ brāhmaṇe brahmavarjite | na phaletpātradoṣeṇa na cātrāsti vicāraṇā

A gift made to a brahmin who lacks the Veda is held to be without purpose; through the fault of the recipient it bears no fruit, and there is no doubt about this.

Verse 46 (12.35.46)

यथा दारुमयो हस्ती यथा चर्ममयो मृगः । ब्राह्मणश्चानधीयानस्त्रयस्ते नामधारकाः ॥

yathā dārumayo hastī yathā carmamayo mṛgaḥ | brāhmaṇaścānadhīyānastrayaste nāmadhārakāḥ

A wooden elephant, a leather deer, and a brahmin who does not study: these three bear only the name.

Verse 47 (12.35.47)

यथा षण्ढोऽफलः स्त्रीषु यथा गौर्गवि चाफला । शकुनिर्वाप्यपक्षः स्यान्निर्मन्त्रो ब्राह्मणस्तथा ॥

yathā ṣaṇḍho'phalaḥ strīṣu yathā gaurgavi cāphalā | śakunirvāpyapakṣaḥ syānnirmantro brāhmaṇastathā

As a eunuch is fruitless with women, as a cow is fruitless with a cow, as a bird without wings is useless, so is a brahmin without mantras.

Verse 48 (12.35.48)

ग्रामस्थानं यथा शून्यं यथा कूपश्च निर्जलः । यथा हुतमनग्नौ च तथैव स्यान्निराकृतौ ॥

grāmasthānaṃ yathā śūnyaṃ yathā kūpaśca nirjalaḥ | yathā hutamanagnau ca tathaiva syānnirākṛtau

As a village site is empty, as a well is waterless, as an oblation poured where there is no fire, so is it with the ignorant fool.

Note on the text: Wikisource has ग्रामस्थानं where the CE has grāmadhānyaṃ; recension variant, kept. The page's commentary glosses निराकृतौ as 'in the fool'.

Verse 49 (12.35.49)

देवतानां पितॄणां च हव्यकव्यविनाशकः । सर्वथाऽर्थहरो मूर्खो न लोकान्प्राप्तुमर्हति ॥

devatānāṃ pitṝṇāṃ ca havyakavyavināśakaḥ | sarvathā'rthaharo mūrkho na lokānprāptumarhati

A fool who destroys the offerings meant for the gods and ancestors and plunders wealth in every way does not deserve to reach the worlds beyond.

Verse 50 (12.35.50)

एतत्ते कथितं सर्वं यथावृत्तं युधिष्ठिर । समासेन महद्ध्येतच्छ्रोतव्यं भरतर्षभ ॥

etatte kathitaṃ sarvaṃ yathāvṛttaṃ yudhiṣṭhira | samāsena mahaddhyetacchrotavyaṃ bharatarṣabha

All this, as it stands, I have told you in brief, Yudhishthira. It is a vast subject, and it deserves to be heard, O best of the Bharatas.

Note on the text: Corrected नरतर्षभ → भरतर्षभ (misprint in Wikisource; not a word; CE bharatarṣabha). Vyasa resumes in his own voice, addressing Yudhishthira, and closes the account.