Grammar: Examples of Sandhi, Compounds, and Declension

Verse 1 (garuda.1.206.1)

सूत उवाच । सिद्धोदाहरणं वक्ष्ये संहितादिपुरः सरम् । विप्राः स्वसागता वीदं सुत्तमं स्यात्पितॄषभः

sūta uvāca siddhodāharaṇaṁ vakṣye saṁhitādipuraḥ saram viprāḥ svasāgatā vīdaṁ suttamaṁ syātpitṝṣabhaḥ

Suta said: I shall now give established grammatical examples, beginning with sandhi (euphonic combination) — as when 'viprāḥ svāgatāḥ' becomes 'viprāḥ svasāgatāḥ', 'vi idam' becomes 'vīdam', 'su uttamam' becomes 'suttamam', 'pitṛ ṛṣabhaḥ' becomes 'pitṝṣabhaḥ' — these are examples of vowel-sandhi.

Verse 2 (garuda.1.206.2)

ळकारो विश्रुता सेवं लाङ्गलीषा मनीपया । गङ्गोदकं तवल्कार ऋणार्णं प्रार्णमित्यपि

ḻakāro viśrutā sevaṁ lāṅgalīṣā manīpayā gaṅgodakaṁ tavalkāra ṛṇārṇaṁ prārṇamityapi

Likewise, the vocalic l, 'vishrutā sā iyam', 'lāṅgalī iṣā manīṣayā', 'gaṅgā udakam' becoming 'gaṅgodakam', 'tava ṛkāraḥ' becoming 'tavarkāraḥ', 'ṛṇam arṇam' becoming 'ṛṇārṇam', 'pra ṛṇam' becoming 'prārṇam' — these too are examples of vowel-sandhi.

Verse 3 (garuda.1.206.3)

शीतार्तश्च तवल्कारः सैन्द्री सौकार इत्यपि । वध्वासनञ्च पित्रर्थो लनुबन्धो नये जयेत्

śītārtaśca tavalkāraḥ saindrī saukāra ityapi vadhvāsanañca pitrartho lanubandho naye jayet

'Shīta ārtaḥ' becomes 'shītārtaḥ', likewise 'saindrī sa ukāraḥ' and 'vadhvā āsanam' becomes 'vadhvāsanam', 'pituḥ arthaḥ' becomes 'pitrarthaḥ', 'lanu bandhaḥ' becomes 'lanubandhaḥ', 'naye jayet' — these too illustrate sandhi.

Verse 4 (garuda.1.206.4)

नायको लवणं गावस्त एते न त ईश्वराः । देवीगृहमथो अत्र अ अवेहि पटू इमौ

nāyako lavaṇaṁ gāvasta ete na ta īśvarāḥ devīgṛhamatho atra a avehi paṭū imau

'Nāyakaḥ', 'lavaṇam', 'gāvaḥ ta ete na ta īśvarāḥ', 'devīgṛham', 'atha atra', 'a avehi', 'paṭū imau' — further varieties of sandhi are illustrated in this way.

Verse 5 (garuda.1.206.5)

अमी अश्वाः षडस्येति तन्न वाक्षड्दलानि च । तच्चरेत्तल्लु नातीति तज्जलं तच्छ्मशानकम्

amī aśvāḥ ṣaḍasyeti tanna vākṣaḍdalāni ca taccarettallu nātīti tajjalaṁ tacchmaśānakam

'Amī aśvāḥ', 'ṣaḍ asya iti tat na vāk ṣaḍdalāni ca', 'tat caret' becoming 'taccaret', 'tat lunāti' becoming 'tallunāti', 'tat jalam' becoming 'tajjalam', 'tat śmaśānakam' becoming 'tacchmaśānakam' — these too are examples of consonant-sandhi.

Verse 6 (garuda.1.206.6)

सुगन्नत्र पचन्नत्र भवांश्छादयतीति च । भवाज्झनत्करश्चैव भवांस्तरति संस्मृतम्

sugannatra pacannatra bhavāṁśchādayatīti ca bhavājjhanatkaraścaiva bhavāṁstarati saṁsmṛtam

'Su atra', 'pacan atra', 'bhavān chādayati' becoming 'bhavāṁśchādayati', 'bhavān jhanatkaraḥ' becoming 'bhavājjhanatkaraḥ', 'bhavān tarati' — these are examples of visarga-sandhi worth remembering.

Verse 7 (garuda.1.206.7)

भवांल्लिखति ताञ्चक्रे भवाञ्शेतेऽप्यनीदृशः । भवाण्डीनं त्वन्तरसि त्वङ्करोषि सदार्चनम्

bhavāṁllikhati tāñcakre bhavāñśete'pyanīdṛśaḥ bhavāṇḍīnaṁ tvantarasi tvaṅkaroṣi sadārcanam

'Bhavān likhati' becoming 'bhavāṁllikhati', 'tān cakre' becoming 'tāñcakre', 'bhavān śete' becoming 'bhavāñśete' — these are further visarga-sandhi examples. 'Bhavān ḍīnam' becoming 'bhavāṇḍīnam', 'tvam antarasi' becoming 'tvamantarasi', 'tvam karoṣi' becoming 'tvaṅkaroṣi' — such examples too are ever worth remembering.

Verse 8 (garuda.1.206.8)

कश्चरेत्कष्टकारेण क कुर्यात्क फले स्थितः । कःशेते चैव कःषण्डः कस्को याति च गौरवम्

kaścaretkaṣṭakāreṇa ka kuryātka phale sthitaḥ kaḥśete caiva kaḥṣaṇḍaḥ kasko yāti ca gauravam

'Kaḥ caret' becomes 'kaścaret' from difficulty, 'ka kuryāt' remains fixed in its sense, 'kaḥ śete' and 'kaḥ ṣaṇḍaḥ', 'kaḥ ko yāti' — these too are examples of the more intricate sandhi rules.

Verse 9 (garuda.1.206.9)

क इहात्र क एवाहुर्देवा आहुश्च भो व्रज । स्वभूर्विष्णुर्व्रजति च गीष्पतिश्चैव धूर्पतिः

ka ihātra ka evāhurdevā āhuśca bho vraja svabhūrviṣṇurvrajati ca gīṣpatiścaiva dhūrpatiḥ

'Ka iha atra', 'ka eva āhuḥ', 'devāḥ āhuḥ' becoming 'devā āhuḥ', 'bho vraja', 'svabhūḥ viṣṇuḥ vrajati' becoming 'svabhūrviṣṇurvrajati', 'gīḥ patiḥ' becoming 'gīṣpatiḥ', 'dhūḥ patiḥ' becoming 'dhūrpatiḥ' — such further examples are given.

Verse 10 (garuda.1.206.10)

अस्मानेष व्रजेत्सस्यादृक्साम स च गच्छति । कुटीच्छाया तथा छाया सन्धयोऽन्ये तथेदृशाः

asmāneṣa vrajetsasyādṛksāma sa ca gacchati kuṭīcchāyā tathā chāyā sandhayo'nye tathedṛśāḥ

'Asmān eṣa vrajet' becoming 'asmāneṣa vrajet', 'saḥ syāt' becoming 'sa syāt', 'ṛk sāma' becoming 'ṛksāma', 'saḥ ca gacchati' becoming 'sa ca gacchati', 'kuṭī chāyā' becoming 'kuṭīcchāyā', 'tathā chāyā' — such further sandhis are given.

Verse 11 (garuda.1.206.11)

समासाः षट्समाख्याताः स द्विजः कर्मधारयः । द्विगुस्त्रिवेदी ग्रामश्च अयं तत्पुरुषः स्मृतः

samāsāḥ ṣaṭsamākhyātāḥ sa dvijaḥ karmadhārayaḥ dvigustrivedī grāmaśca ayaṁ tatpuruṣaḥ smṛtaḥ

Six kinds of compound (samasa) are declared. 'Saḥ dvijaḥ,' meaning 'the very brahmin' — this is a karmadharaya compound; 'digu' (numeral compound) is exemplified by 'trivedī grāmaḥ' (a village of three-Veda-knowers); 'ayam' [this example] is declared a tatpurusha.

Verse 12 (garuda.1.206.12)

तत्कृतश्च तदर्थश्च वृकभीतिश्च यद्धनम् । ज्ञानदक्षेण तत्त्वज्ञो बहुव्रीहिरथाव्ययी

tatkṛtaśca tadarthaśca vṛkabhītiśca yaddhanam jñānadakṣeṇa tattvajño bahuvrīhirathāvyayī

'Tatkṛtaḥ' (done by that) and 'tadarthaḥ' (for the sake of that), 'vṛkabhītiḥ' (fear of the wolf) — these are varieties of tatpurusha. 'Yat dhanam' — 'jñānadakṣeṇa' and 'tattvajñaḥ' are examples of bahuvrihi, and avyayibhava likewise.

Verse 13 (garuda.1.206.13)

भावोऽधिस्त्रि यथोक्तं तु द्वन्द्वो देवर्षिमानवाः । तद्धिताः पाण्डवः शैवो ब्राहयं च ब्रह्मतादयः

bhāvo'dhistri yathoktaṁ tu dvandvo devarṣimānavāḥ taddhitāḥ pāṇḍavaḥ śaivo brāhayaṁ ca brahmatādayaḥ

As stated for the senses of bhava and adhi (verbal prefixes) in three ways, so it is. An example of the dvandva compound is 'devarṣimānavāḥ' (gods, sages, and men). Examples of taddhita (secondary derivative) suffixes are 'pāṇḍavaḥ', 'śaivaḥ', 'brāhyam', and 'brahmatā'.

Verse 14 (garuda.1.206.14)

देवाग्निसखिपत्यंशुक्रोष्टुस्वायम्भुवः पिता । ना प्रशस्ताश्चरा गौर्ग्लौरबजन्ताश्च पुंस्यपि

devāgnisakhipatyaṁśukroṣṭusvāyambhuvaḥ pitā nā praśastāścarā gaurglaurabajantāśca puṁsyapi

Deva, agni, sakhi, pati, amshu, kroshtu, svayambhuva, pitṛ — these are the commended masculine-gender nouns, and cara, gau, glau, and words ending in aj too are masculine.

Verse 15 (garuda.1.206.15)

हलन्तश्चाश्वयुक्क्ष्माभुङ्मरुत्क्रव्यान्मृगाविधः । आत्मा राजा युवा पन्थाः पूषब्रह्महणौ हली

halantaścāśvayukkṣmābhuṅmarutkravyānmṛgāvidhaḥ ātmā rājā yuvā panthāḥ pūṣabrahmahaṇau halī

Atman, rajan, yuvan, pathin, pushan, brahmahan, and halin — these are consonant-ending stems, likewise ashvayuj, kshmabhuj, marut, kravyad, and mrigavid.

Verse 16 (garuda.1.206.16)

विड्वे धा उशनानड्वान्मधुलिट्काष्ठतट्तथा । बनवार्यस्थिवस्तूनि जगत्सामाहनी तथा

viḍve dhā uśanānaḍvānmadhuliṭkāṣṭhataṭtathā banavāryasthivastūni jagatsāmāhanī tathā

Vidve, dha, ushana, anadvan, madhulit, kashtha, tat — as also vana, vari, asthi, vastu — all these are like jagat, saman, ahan (neuter-gender stems).

Verse 17 (garuda.1.206.17)

कर्मसर्पिर्वपुस्तेज अज्झलन्ता नपुंसके । जाया जरा नदी लक्ष्मीः श्रीस्त्रीभूमिर्वधूरपि

karmasarpirvapusteja ajjhalantā napuṁsake jāyā jarā nadī lakṣmīḥ śrīstrībhūmirvadhūrapi

Karman, sarpis, vapus, tejas — vowel-ending and consonant-ending words in the neuter gender. Jaya, jara, nadi, lakshmi — these, and shri, stri, bhumi, vadhu too,

Verse 18 (garuda.1.206.18)

भ्रूः पुनर्भूस्तथा धेनुः स्वसा माता च नौ स्त्रियः । वाक्स्रग्दिङ्मुत्क्रुधः प्रायो युवतिः कुकुभस्तथा

bhrūḥ punarbhūstathā dhenuḥ svasā mātā ca nau striyaḥ vāksragdiṅmutkrudhaḥ prāyo yuvatiḥ kukubhastathā

Bhru, punarbhu, dhenu, svasa, mata, and nau — these are feminine-gender words. Vak, sraj, dish, mut, krudh — these generally, and yuvati and kukubh too, are feminine.

Verse 19 (garuda.1.206.19)

द्योदिवौ प्रावृषश्चैव सुमान उष्णिगस्त्रियाम् । गुणद्रव्यक्रियायोगात्स्त्रीलिङ्गांश्च वदामि ते

dyodivau prāvṛṣaścaiva sumāna uṣṇigastriyām guṇadravyakriyāyogātstrīliṅgāṁśca vadāmi te

Dyo, div, pravrish, sumanas, and ushnik — these too are reckoned feminine. Now I shall tell you the feminine-gender words formed through quality, substance, and action.

Verse 20 (garuda.1.206.20)

शुक्लकीलालपाश्चैव शुचिश्च ग्रामणीः सुधीः । पटुः कमलभूः कर्ता सुमतो बहवः सुनौः

śuklakīlālapāścaiva śuciśca grāmaṇīḥ sudhīḥ paṭuḥ kamalabhūḥ kartā sumato bahavaḥ sunauḥ

Shukla, kilalapa, shuchi, gramani, sudhi, patu, kamalabhu, karta, sumati, and bahu — these words too, and sunau too,

Verse 21 (garuda.1.206.21)

सत्या नाग्न्यस्तथा पुंसो ह्यभक्षयत दीर्घपात् । सर्वविश्वोभ ये चोभौ एकोन्यान्यतराणि च

satyā nāgnyastathā puṁso hyabhakṣayata dīrghapāt sarvaviśvobha ye cobhau ekonyānyatarāṇi ca

Satya, nagni — words like abhakshita and dirghapad exist for males too. Sarva, vishva, ubhaya, ubhau, eka, anya, anyatara, and the like —

Verse 22 (garuda.1.206.22)

डतरो डतमो नेमस्त्वः समोऽथ सिमेतरौ । पूर्वश्चैवाधरश्चैव दक्षिणश्चोत्तरावरौ

ḍataro ḍatamo nemastvaḥ samo'tha simetarau pūrvaścaivādharaścaiva dakṣiṇaścottarāvarau

Datara, datama, nema, tva, sama, sima, itara — as also purva, adhara, dakshina, uttara, avara —

Verse 23 (garuda.1.206.23)

परश्चान्तरमप्येतद्यत्त्यत्किमदसस्त्विदम् । युष्मदस्मत्तत्प्रथमचरमाल्पतयार्धकाः

paraścāntaramapyetadyattyatkimadasastvidam yuṣmadasmattatprathamacaramālpatayārdhakāḥ

Para, antara, yat, tyat, kim, adas, idam — these are pronominal words. Yushmad, asmad, tat, prathama, carama, alpa, ardha —

Verse 24 (garuda.1.206.24)

तथा कतिपयो द्वौ चेत्येवं सर्वादयस्तथा । शृणोत्याद्या जुहोतिश्च जहातिश्च दधात्यपि

tathā katipayo dvau cetyevaṁ sarvādayastathā śṛṇotyādyā juhotiśca jahātiśca dadhātyapi

and katipaya, dvi — thus are the sarva-adi (pronominal class) words declared. Shru, hu, ha, dha —

Verse 25 (garuda.1.206.25)

दीप्यतिः स्तूयतिश्चैव पुत्त्रीयति धनीयति । त्रुट्यति म्रियते चैव चिचीषति निनीषति

dīpyatiḥ stūyatiścaiva puttrīyati dhanīyati truṭyati mriyate caiva cicīṣati ninīṣati

Dip, stu, putriya, dhaniya, trut, mri, cikirsh, ninish — these are examples of various verbal-root forms.

Verse 26 (garuda.1.206.26)

सर्वे तिष्ठन्ति सर्वस्मै सर्वस्मात्सर्वन्तो गतः । सर्वेषां चैव सर्वस्मिन्नेवं विश्वादयस्तथा

sarve tiṣṭhanti sarvasmai sarvasmātsarvanto gataḥ sarveṣāṁ caiva sarvasminnevaṁ viśvādayastathā

Sarve tishthanti, sarvasmai, sarvasmat, sarvan, sarvatah gatah, sarvesham, sarvasmin — thus is 'vishva' and the like similarly declined.

Verse 27 (garuda.1.206.27)

पूर्वे पूर्वाश्च पूर्वस्मात्पूर्वस्मिन्पूर्व ईरितः । सूत उवाच । सुप्तिङन्तुं सिद्धरूपं नाममात्रेण दर्शितम् । कात्यायनः कुमारात्तु श्रुत्वा विस्तरमब्रवीत्

pūrve pūrvāśca pūrvasmātpūrvasminpūrva īritaḥ sūta uvāca suptiṅantuṁ siddharūpaṁ nāmamātreṇa darśitam kātyāyanaḥ kumārāttu śrutvā vistaramabravīt

Purve, purvah, purvasmat, purvasmin, purvah — thus it is declared. Suta said: Thus, in brief, have the established forms of sup- and tin-ending words been shown by name alone. Having heard this from Kumara, Katyayana then expounded it in full detail.