Grammar (Vyakarana): The Case System and Verb Conjugation

Verse 1 (garuda.1.205.1)

कुमार उवाच । अथ व्याकरणं वक्ष्ये कात्यायन समासतः । सिद्धशब्दविवेकाय बालव्युत्पत्तिहेतवे

kumāra uvāca atha vyākaraṇaṁ vakṣye kātyāyana samāsataḥ siddhaśabdavivekāya bālavyutpattihetave

Kumara said: Now I shall briefly expound grammar according to Katyayana, for the discernment of correctly formed words and for the understanding of beginners in derivation.

Verse 2 (garuda.1.205.2)

सुप्तिङन्तं पदं ख्यातं सुपः सप्त विभक्तयः । स्वौजसः प्रथमा प्रोक्ता सा प्रातिपदिकात्मके

suptiṅantaṁ padaṁ khyātaṁ supaḥ sapta vibhaktayaḥ svaujasaḥ prathamā proktā sā prātipadikātmake

A word ending in a sup or tin suffix is called a pada. Of the sup, there are seven case-endings. Su, au, jas are declared the first case, applied to the bare nominal stem.

Verse 3 (garuda.1.205.3)

सम्बोधने च लिङ्गादावुक्ते कर्मणि कर्तरि । अर्थवत्प्रातिपदिकं धातुप्रत्ययवर्जितम्

sambodhane ca liṅgādāvukte karmaṇi kartari arthavatprātipadikaṁ dhātupratyayavarjitam

The first case is used also in address, and — when gender etc. is already known — for the object or the agent. A meaningful stem that is free of being itself a root or suffix is called pratipadika.

Verse 4 (garuda.1.205.4)

अमौशसो द्वितीया स्यात्तत्कर्म क्रियते च यत् । द्वितीया कर्मणि प्रोक्तान्तरान्तरेण संयुते

amauśaso dvitīyā syāttatkarma kriyate ca yat dvitīyā karmaṇi proktāntarāntareṇa saṁyute

Am, aut, shas form the second case. That which is acted upon is karma, the object; the second case applies to the object, and also with words like antara (between).

Verse 5 (garuda.1.205.5)

टाभ्यांभिसस्तृतीया स्यात्करणे कर्तरीरिता । येन क्रियते करणं तत्कर्ता यः करोति सः

ṭābhyāṁbhisastṛtīyā syātkaraṇe kartarīritā yena kriyate karaṇaṁ tatkartā yaḥ karoti saḥ

Ta, bhyam, bhis form the third case, applying to the instrument and the agent. That by which an action is done is the instrument; he who does the action is the agent.

Verse 6 (garuda.1.205.6)

ङेभ्यांभ्यसश्चतुर्थो स्यात्सम्प्रदाने च कारके । यस्मै दित्सा धारयते रोचते सम्प्रदानकम्

ṅebhyāṁbhyasaścaturtho syātsampradāne ca kārake yasmai ditsā dhārayate rocate sampradānakam

Ne, bhyam, bhyas form the fourth case, applying to the recipient factor. That to which one wishes to give, for which one holds something, or that which pleases, is the recipient.

Verse 7 (garuda.1.205.7)

पञ्चमी स्यान्ङसिभ्यांभ्योह्यपादाने च कारके । यतोऽपैति समादत्ते उपादत्ते भयं यतः

pañcamī syānṅasibhyāṁbhyohyapādāne ca kārake yato'paiti samādatte upādatte bhayaṁ yataḥ

Nasi, bhyam, bhyas form the fifth case, applying to the point-of-departure factor. That from which something departs, is taken, or from which fear arises, is apadana.

Verse 8 (garuda.1.205.8)

ङसोसामश्च षष्ठी स्यात्स्वामिसम्बन्धमुख्यके । ङयोः सुपो वै सप्तमी स्यात्सा चाधिकरणे भवेत्

ṅasosāmaśca ṣaṣṭhī syātsvāmisambandhamukhyake ṅayoḥ supo vai saptamī syātsā cādhikaraṇe bhavet

Nas, os, am form the sixth case, chiefly for the relation of possession. Ni and os form the seventh case, applying to the locus.

Verse 9 (garuda.1.205.9)

आधारश्चाधिकरणं रक्षार्थानां प्रयोगतः । ईप्सितं चानीप्सितं यत्तदपादानकं स्मृतम्

ādhāraścādhikaraṇaṁ rakṣārthānāṁ prayogataḥ īpsitaṁ cānīpsitaṁ yattadapādānakaṁ smṛtam

The support is the locus, and this applies also in the usage of verbs of protecting. What is desired and what is undesired — that is remembered as apadana.

Verse 10 (garuda.1.205.10)

पञ्चमी पर्युपाङ्योगे इतरर्तेऽन्यदिङ्मुखे । एनयोगे द्वितीया स्यात्कर्मप्रवचनीयकैः

pañcamī paryupāṅyoge itararte'nyadiṅmukhe enayoge dvitīyā syātkarmapravacanīyakaiḥ

The fifth case is used with pari, upa, a in the sense of 'other than' and 'facing another direction'; when these function as karmapravachaniya prefixes, the second case is used.

Verse 11 (garuda.1.205.11)

वीप्सेत्थम्भावचिह्नेऽभिर्भागेनैव परिप्रती । अनुरेषु सहार्थे च हीनेऽनूपश्च कथ्यते

vīpsetthambhāvacihne'bhirbhāgenaiva paripratī anureṣu sahārthe ca hīne'nūpaśca kathyate

In the sense of distributive repetition and manner, and in conjunction with abhi, bhaga, pari, prati, the second case is used; with anu in the sense of 'together with', and in the sense of deficiency, anu and upa are used.

Verse 12 (garuda.1.205.12)

द्वितीया च चतुर्थो स्याच्चेष्टायां गतिकर्मणि । अप्राणे हि विभक्ती द्बे मन्यकर्मण्यनादरे

dvitīyā ca caturtho syācceṣṭāyāṁ gatikarmaṇi aprāṇe hi vibhaktī dbe manyakarmaṇyanādare

For the object of motion in an undertaking, both the second and fourth cases are used; with an inanimate object, when the verb 'to consider' expresses disregard, two case-endings are possible.

Verse 13 (garuda.1.205.13)

नमः स्वस्तिस्वधास्वाहालंवषड्योग ईरिता । चतुर्थो चैव तादर्थ्ये तुमर्थाद्भाववाचिनः

namaḥ svastisvadhāsvāhālaṁvaṣaḍyoga īritā caturtho caiva tādarthye tumarthādbhāvavācinaḥ

With namah, svasti, svadha, svaha, alam, and vashat, the fourth case is used; and also for the sake of purpose, and with words having the infinitive sense expressing a state.

Verse 14 (garuda.1.205.14)

तृतीया सहयोगे स्यात्कुत्सितेङ्गे विशेषणे । काले भावे सप्तमी स्यादेतैर्योगेऽपिषष्ठ्यति

tṛtīyā sahayoge syātkutsiteṅge viśeṣaṇe kāle bhāve saptamī syādetairyoge'piṣaṣṭhyati

The third case is used in conjunction with 'saha,' and as a qualifier of a disparaged limb; the seventh case is used for time and general action, and the sixth case may optionally be used with these too.

Verse 15 (garuda.1.205.15)

स्वामीश्वराधिपतिभिः साक्षिदायादप्रसूतैः । निर्धारणे द्वे विभक्तो षष्ठी हेतुप्रयोगके

svāmīśvarādhipatibhiḥ sākṣidāyādaprasūtaiḥ nirdhāraṇe dve vibhakto ṣaṣṭhī hetuprayogake

With words like svami, ishvara, adhipati, sakshin, dayada, prasuta, for specification two case-endings are used; the sixth case is used to express cause.

Verse 16 (garuda.1.205.16)

स्मृत्यर्थकर्मणि तथा करोतेः प्रतियत्नके । हिंसार्थानां प्रयोगे च कृति कर्मणि कर्तरि

smṛtyarthakarmaṇi tathā karoteḥ pratiyatnake hiṁsārthānāṁ prayoge ca kṛti karmaṇi kartari

For the object of verbs of remembering, and for the object of 'kri' in the sense of counter-effort, in the usage of verbs meaning 'to harm', and for the object when a krit-suffix expresses the agent, the sixth case is used.

Verse 17 (garuda.1.205.17)

न कर्तृकर्मणोः षष्ठी निष्ठयोः प्रातिपदिके । द्विविधं प्रातिपदिकं नाम धातुस्तथैव च

na kartṛkarmaṇoḥ ṣaṣṭhī niṣṭhayoḥ prātipadike dvividhaṁ prātipadikaṁ nāma dhātustathaiva ca

With stems formed by the nishtha (past-participle) suffix, the sixth case is not used for the agent or object. The nominal stem is of two kinds: the noun and the verbal root.

Verse 18 (garuda.1.205.18)

भूवान्दिभ्यस्तिङो लः स्याल्लकारा दश वै स्मृताः । तिप्तसूझि प्रथमो मध्यः सिप्थस्थोत्तमपूरुषः

bhūvāndibhyastiṅo laḥ syāllakārā daśa vai smṛtāḥ tiptasūjhi prathamo madhyaḥ sipthasthottamapūruṣaḥ

From roots beginning with 'bhu,' the tin endings called 'la' are substituted; the la-suffixes are held to be ten. Tip, tas, jhi are the first person markers; sip, thas, tha are the middle person.

Verse 19 (garuda.1.205.19)

मिब्वस्मस्तु परस्मै हि पदानां चात्मनेपदम् । ताताञ्झ प्रथमो मध्य स्थासाथान्ध्वमथोत्तमः

mibvasmastu parasmai hi padānāṁ cātmanepadam tātāñjha prathamo madhya sthāsāthāndhvamathottamaḥ

Mip, vas, mas are the last person for parasmaipada; for atmanepada, ta, atam, jha are the first person, se, athe, dhvam are the middle, and the rest are the last person.

Verse 20 (garuda.1.205.20)

आदेशा इड्बहिमहि धातुतोथ णिजादिवत् । नाम्नि प्रयुज्यमानेऽपि प्रथमः पुरुषो भवेत्

ādeśā iḍbahimahi dhātutotha ṇijādivat nāmni prayujyamāne'pi prathamaḥ puruṣo bhavet

The augment it and such substitutes apply to the root, likewise in causative and similar formations. Even when predicated of a noun, it takes the first person (third person).

Verse 21 (garuda.1.205.21)

मध्यमो युष्मदि प्रोक्त उत्तमः पुरुषोऽस्मदि । भूवाद्या धातवः प्रोक्ताः सनाद्यन्तास्तथा ततः

madhyamo yuṣmadi prokta uttamaḥ puruṣo'smadi bhūvādyā dhātavaḥ proktāḥ sanādyantāstathā tataḥ

The middle person is declared for yushmad (you); the last person for asmad (I/we). Roots beginning with bhu are so declared, and thereafter those ending in san and similar suffixes.

Verse 22 (garuda.1.205.22)

लडीरितो वर्तमाने स्मेनातीते च धातुतः । भूतेऽनद्यतने लङ्वा लोडाद्याशिषि धातुतः

laḍīrito vartamāne smenātīte ca dhātutaḥ bhūte'nadyatane laṅvā loḍādyāśiṣi dhātutaḥ

The lat suffix is used in the present tense, and the future-forms for the [remote] past, from the root; for the past not-of-today, lang is used; and for benediction, lot and the like are used, from the root.

Verse 23 (garuda.1.205.23)

विध्यादावेवानुमतो लोड्वाच्यो मन्त्रणे भवेत् । निमन्त्रणाधीष्टसंप्रश्रे प्रार्थनेषु तथाशिषि

vidhyādāvevānumato loḍvācyo mantraṇe bhavet nimantraṇādhīṣṭasaṁpraśre prārthaneṣu tathāśiṣi

Lot is used in the sense of injunction and permission, and also in the sense of counsel; in invitation, deferential inquiry, entreaty, and benediction as well.

Verse 24 (garuda.1.205.24)

लिङतीते परोक्षे स्याल्लिड्भूते ळड्भविष्यति । स्यादनद्यतने तद्वद्भविष्यति तु धातुतः

liṅatīte parokṣe syālliḍbhūte ḻaḍbhaviṣyati syādanadyatane tadvadbhaviṣyati tu dhātutaḥ

Lit is used for the remote past; the perfect forms for the past; the future forms for the future; and similarly for the future not-of-today, from the root.

Verse 25 (garuda.1.205.25)

दातोरॢङ्क्रियातिपत्तौ लिङर्थे लेट्प्रकीर्तितः । कृतस्त्रिष्वपि वर्तन्ते भावे कर्मणि कर्तरि

dātorḷṅkriyātipattau liṅarthe leṭprakīrtitaḥ kṛtastriṣvapi vartante bhāve karmaṇi kartari

Lrn is used for an action that has not been fulfilled (contrary to fact); let is declared to have the sense of the optative. Krit-suffixes function in all three: the general action, the object, and the agent.

Verse 26 (garuda.1.205.26)

सदृशास्तव्यता ण्यद्यदनीयाश्च तृजादयः

sadṛśāstavyatā ṇyadyadanīyāśca tṛjādayaḥ

Similar to these are the suffixes tavya, tavyat, nyat, yat, aniya, and those beginning with trich.